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Florida 
Historical Pageant 

Ofificial Program 




Presented at 

JacksonA)ille, Florida 

April 20, 21, 22, 



1922 



THE TUTEWILER PRESS 

JACKSONVILLE. FLA. 






"The stranger that dwelleth with you shall 
be unto you as one born among you, and thou 
shall love him as thyself." 

Lev. 19:34 



c7 i^ . ^ •'^^- 



^ 



FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 



JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 
Fore'word 

Community Service is now entering its second year 
of activities in Jacksonville. During this period its pur- 
pose has been to develop a greater community spirit 
by means of a greater community interest. In its efforts 
to bring about this result, it has encouraged self-expres- 
sion in the individual, developed leadership and found 
talent of which we little knew. 

At present Community Service is composed of eight 
Community Leagues and the three larger branches known 
as Community Players, Community Music Association and 
Community Pageant Association. The latter is the new- 
est of the three and through it from year to year it is 
hoped that it may be a means to further manifest our 
community spirit and communicate to the world our 
love for Florida. 

To those who have contributed to the success of 
Community Service, may this foreword convey a message 
of sincere appreciation. 

LEE GUEST, President, 

Jacksonville Community Service. 



JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 




JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 

Officers 

Lee Guest, President J. W. Pettyjohn, Treasurer 

Mellen C. Greeley, Vice-President Gertrude Jacobi, Secretary 



Executive Committee 



Lorenzo A. Wilson 
Melville E. Johnson 
Gertrude Jacobi 
Mrs. B. M. Ellington 
Geo. J. Garcia 
A. Aronovitz 
Frank Brown 



George R. DeSaussure 
J. W. Pettyjohn 
Mellen C. Greeley 
Mrs. H. I. Niven 
Dr. C. E. Foster 
Lee Guest 
R. L. Trump 



Branches 

Community Music Association Community Players 

Geo. R. DeSaussure, Prest. Lorenzo A. Wilson, Prest. 

Community Pageant Association 
Melville E. Johnson, Prest. 



Community Leagues 



Brentwood 

Dr. C. E. Foster, Prest. 
Lackawanna 

Mrs. B. M. Ellington, Prest., 
Central Riverside 

Mrs. H. L Niven, Prest. 
Fairfield 

R. L. Trump, Prest. 



LaVilla 

A. Aronovitz, Prest. 
East Springfield 

Frank Brown, Prest. 
East Jacksonville 

Melville E. Johnson, Prest. 
Northeast Springfield 

Geo. J. Garcia, Prest. 



FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 



THE PAGEANT ASSOCIATION 
OF 

JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 

Working Through 

THE COMMUNITY MUSIC ASSOCIATION 
THE COMMUNITY LEAGUES 
THE COMMUNITY PLAYERS 

AND 

All Organizations in Jacksonville 

And co-operating with 
THE STATE OF FLORIDA 

Presents 
The History of the State From 

1500 to 1823 



Through those dramatic periods of Indian, Spanish, 
French and English History of the time when all Flags 
gave place to — 

THE STARS AND STRIPES 



JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 



COMMUNITY PAGEANT ASSOCIATION 
Foreword 

When we take into consideration the fact that all of 
the early explorers of Florida — Ponce de Leon, Narvaez, 
de Soto, and Ribault — reached our shores in April, our 
loveliest month, the month of new buds and blossoms, 
when our birds are chanting their own joyous halleluiahs 
to the heavens, it seems most fitting that the first Florida 
Pageant should be held at an April Easter-tide. 

To the intent that we may foster a more sincere 
neighborliness in our community and a greater Ameri- 
canism in our nation we have attempted this pageant 
which is a thanksgiving to Almighty God for the blessings 
which we enjoy. 

It is with a profound sense of gratitude that we here 
express our appreciation to all committees, groups, and 
individuals, whose interest and work in the organization 
and development of this Pageant have made the finished 
production possible. 

Melville E. Johnson, President, 

Community Pageant Association. 



FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 



Patrons and Patronesses 



Gov. and Mrs. Carey Hardee, 

Tallahassee, Florida. 
Hon. and Mrs. John W. Martin, 

Jacksonville, Florida 
Hon. and Mrs. J. E. Ingraham, 

St. Augustine, Florida. 
Mr. and Mrs. George White, 

St. Augustine, Florida. 
Mr. and Mrs. Peter O. Knight, 

Tampa, Florida. 
Mr. and Mrs. Clarence Camp, 

Ocala, Florida. 
Mr. and Mrs. J. W. McCollum, 

Gainesville, Florida. 
Mr. and Mrs. M. H. Depass, 

Gainesville, Florida. 
Hon. and Mrs. W. J. Bryan, 

Miami, Florida. 
Hon. and Mrs. Frank Shutts, 

Miami, Floirda. 
Mr. and Mrs. Glen C. Frissell, 

Miami, Florida. 
Mrs. W. A. Blount, 

Pensacola, Florida. 
Mrs. William A. Knowles, 

Pensacola, Florida. 
Mrs. Lois K. Mayes, 

Pensacola, Florida. 
Hon. and Mrs. P. K. Yonge, 

Pensacola, Florida. 
Hon. and Mrs. W. A. Rawles, 

Pensacola, Florida. 
Hon. and Mrs. Forest Lake, 

Sanford, Florida. 
Mr. and Mrs. Henry Wight, 

Sanford, Florida. 
Mr. and Mrs. W. R. O'Neal, 

Orlando, Florida. 
Mrs. Martha McAllister Palmer, 

Orlando, Florida. 
Mr. and Mrs. Kirk Munroe, 

Cocoanut Grove, Florida. 
Judge and Mrs.T.M.Shackleford, 

Tampa, Florida. 
Mr. and Mrs. J. B. O'Hara, 

Lake Worth, Florida. 
Miss Susan Dyer, 

Winter Park, Florida. 
Judge and Mrs. Jefferson D. 
Browne, 

Tallahassee, Florida. 
Dr. and Mrs. Deward Conradi, 

Tallahassee, Florida. 
Mrs. Marshall Price, 

Cocoanut Grove, Florida. 
Miss Elizabeth Skinner, 

Dunedin, Florida. 



Mr. and Mrs. Edgar Lewis, 

Ft. Piei'ce, Florida. 
Dr. and Mrs. Lincoln Hulley, 

DeLand, Florida. 
Mrs. M. L. Stanley, 

Daytona, Florida. 
Hon. Tom Wilson, 

Bartow, Florida. 
Mrs. Katherine B. Tipetts, 

St. Petei-sburg, Fla. 
Hon. and Mrs. W. B. Lamar, 

Monticello, Fla. 
Mr. and Mrs. Meade Love, 

Quincy, Florida. 
Hon. and Mrs. W. H. Milton, 

Marianna, Florida. 
Mr. and Mrs. E. H. Mote, 

Leesburg, Florida. 
Hon. and Mrs. Chas. Davis, 

Madison, Florida. 
Hon. and Mrs. W. Hunt Harris, 

Key West, Florida. 
Mr. and Mrs. Harvey Heitman, 

Ft. Myers, Florida. 
Mr. and Mrs. Frank Stranahan, 

Ft. Lauderdale, Florida. 
Hon. and Mrs. W. J. Hillman, 

Live Oak, Florida. 
Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Y. Wilson, 

Palatka, Florida. 
Mr. and Mrs. J. A. Hendley, 

Dade City, Florida. 
Hon. and Mrs. J. E. Calkins, 

Fernandina, Florida. 
Mrs. E. N. Dimick, 

West Palm Beach, Florida. 
Hon. and Mrs. Eugene Mathews, 

Starke, Florida. 
Mr. and Mrs. H. B. Minium, 

Green Cove Springs, Florida. 
Mrs. G. M. Wright, 

Lakeland, Florida. 
Ex-Governor A. W. Gilchrist, 

Punta Gorda, Floirda. 
Hon. and Mrs. Joseph Varn, 

Bradentown, Florida. 
Hon. and Mrs. W. J. Hilburn, 

Palatka, Florida. 
Miss Emily Carter, 

West Palm Beach, Florida. 
Hon. and Mrs. Fred P. Cone, 

Lake City, Florida. 
Mrs. John T. Fuller, 

Orlando, Florida. 
Dr. and Mrs. W. F. Blackman, 

Lake Monroe, Florida. 
Dr. A. A. Murphree. 



JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 



HOSTS AND HOSTESSES 
FLORIDA STATE HISTORICAL PAGEANT 



Mr. and Mrs. Richard P. Daniel 
Mr. and Mrs. A. W. Cockrell 
Mr. and Mrs. James V. Freeman 
Mr. and Mrs. Melville E. Johnfoa 
Mr. and Mrs. James McN. Wright 
Mr. and Mrs. Richard P. Marks 
Mrs. Emma Munoz 
Mr. and Mrs. T. P. Denham 
Mr. and Mrs. C. H. Chestnut 
Mr. and Mrs. George Richards 
Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Meigs 
Mr. and Mrs. Frank Jennings 
Mr. and Mrs. Arthur G. Cummer 
Mrs. W. W. Cummer 
Mr. and Mrs Waldo Cummer 
Dr. and Mrs. E. H. L'Engle 
Mr. and Mrs. A. P. Anthony 
Mr. and Mrs. J. R. Anthony 
Mr. and Mrs. W. B. Drew 
Mr. and Mrs. A. H. King 
Mr. and Mrs. A. S. Hubbard 
Mr. and Mrs. Courts Kendall 
Dr. and Mrs. Fons Hathaway 
Mr. and Mrs. John D. Baker 
Miss Louise Meiggs 
Mr. and Mrs. A. F. Perry 
Mr. and Mrs. Arthur McDuff 
Mr. and Mrs. Frank Dearing 
Mrs. J. E. Bryan 
Mr. and Mrs. R. D. Knight 
Mr. and Mrs. Thos. M. Palmer 
Mr. and Mrs. George Avant 
Mr. and Mrs. J. T. Alsop 
Mr. and Mrs. C. G. Bucci 
Mr. and Mrs. E. B. Brown 
Mr. and Mrs. Louis Z. Baya 
Mr. and Mrs. Edgar Rogers 
Mr. and Mrs. B. W. Blount 
Mr. and Mrs. J. E. T. Bowden 
Mr. and Mrs. W. E. Sweeney 
Mr. and Mrs. D. J. Conroy 
Mr. and Mrs. C. T. Doty 
Mr. and Mrs. W. T. Hadlow 
Mr. and Mrs. L. B. Wooton 
Mr. and Mrs. Harry James 
Mr. and Mrs. W. F. Kelly 
Mr. and Mrs. Sam Marks 
Mr. and Mrs. J. C. Reynolds 
Mr. and Mrs. R. R. Roscborough 
Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Zacharias 
Mr. and Mrs. W. H. Baker 
Mr. and Mrs. A. W. Palmer 
Mr. and Mrs. John A. Futch 
Mr. and Mrs. Joseph H. Walsh 



Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth Hunter 
Mr. and Mrs. John A. Newsome 
Mr. and Mrs. Louis C. Rivas 
Mr. and Mrs. J. K. Atwood 
Mr. and Mrs. W. A. Edmunds 
Mr. and W. C. Cooper, Jr. 
Mr. and Mrs. W. H. Mouser 
Mr. and Mrs. B. A. Murphy 
Mr. and Mrs. Geo. W. Hessler 
Mr. and Mrs. W. E. Arnold 
Mr. and Mrs. S. A. Kyle 
Mr. and Mrs. Stanton Walker 
Mr. and Mrs. C. A. Tutewiler 
Mr. and Mrs. W. A. Elliott 
Mr. and Mrs. Chas. Pelot 
Mr. and Mrs. Rob Baker 
Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth Hunter 
Mr. and Mrs. Windle Smith 
Mr. and Mrs. W. A. Hallowes, Jr. 
Mr. and Mrs. W. Keeley 
Mr. and Mrs. Brandon McNair 
Mrs. B. H. Barnett 
Dr. and Mrs. Frederick Waas 
Mr. and Mrs. Jno. A. Cunning- 
ham 
Miss Josie Loftin 
Mr. and Mrs. George Mason 
Mr. and Mrs. W. E. Kay 
Mr. and Mrs. W. R. Frazier 
Mr. and Mrs. Abner G. Withee 
Mr. and Mrs. John D. Baker 
Mr. and Mrs. W. Marcy Mason 
Mr. and Mrs. W. P. Gilreath 
Mr. and Mrs. W. R. Letcher 
Mr. and Mrs. W. L. Whitehead 
Mr. and Mrs. David Berkovitz 
Mr. and Mrs. W. J. Power 
Mr. and Mrs. Ben Weathers 
Mr. and Mrs. W. K. Warren 
Mr. and Mrs. W. C. Warrington 
Mr. and Mrs. Harry B. Hoyt 
Mr. and Mrs. F. H. Farwell 
Mr. and Mrs. R. L. Blagg 
Mr. and Mrs. T. W. Jenks 
Mr. and Mrs. Harry B. Howell 
Mr. and Mrs. C. W. Tucker 
Mr. and Mrs. A. Y. Milam 
Mr. and Mrs. M. L. Fleischel 
Mr. and Mrs. R. V. Covington 
Mr. and Mrs. Leon T. Cheeck 
Mr. and Mrs. F. O. Miller 
Mr. and Mrs. Geo. W Hardee 
Mr. and Mrs. Frank C. Groover 
Mr. and Mrs. Jefferson Thomas 



FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 



Mr. and Mrs. J. E. Cohen 

Mr. and Mrs. Damon Yerkes 

Mr. and Mrs. W. K. Jackson 

Mr. and Mrs. Will Ingram 

Mrs. J. B. Graves 

Mr. and Mrs. Telfair Stockton 

Mr. and Mrs. C. B. Rogers 

Mr. and Mrs. John C. Cooper, Sr. 

Mrs. B. M. Warner 

Mr. and Mrs. Walter Hawkins 

Mr. and Mrs. Giles Wilson 

Mr. and Mrs. Plant Osborne 

Mrs. W. S. Jennings 

Mr. and Mrs. J. C. Chase 

Mr. and Mrs. F. P. Fleming 

Dr. and Mrs. James Pasco 

Mr. and Mrs. John L. Doggett 

Mrs. Charles S. Adams 

Mr. and Mrs. George L. Drew 

Mx's. J. C. Burr owes 

Mr. and Mrs. Jas. P. Taliaferro 

Mr. and Mrs. H. P. Adair 

Judge and Mrs. W. B. Young 

Mr. and Mrs. Lee Guest 

Mr. and Mrs. Morgan V. Gress 

Mr. and Mrs. C. Buckman 

Mr. and Mrs. Chas W. Tucker 

Mr. and Mrs. J. D. Holmes 

Mr. and Mrs. J. N. Durkee 

Mr. and Mrs. McGarvey Cline 

Mr. and Mrs. J. Y. Wilson 

Mr. and Mrs. T. C. Parker 

Mr. and Mrs. Frank Brown 

Mr. and Mrs. G. D. Auchter 

Mr. and Mrs. J. L. Medlin 

Mr. and Mrs. S. H. Berg 

Mr. and Mrs. J. T. Blalock 

Mr. and Mrs. E. Screven Bond 

Mr. and Mrs. J. Turner Butler 

Mr. and Mrs. H. F. Huster 

Mr. and Mrs. J. T. G. Crawford 

Mr. and Mrs. O. P. Woodcock 

Mr. and Mrs. J. D. Stuart 

Mr. and Mrs. D. H. Doig 

Mr. and Mrs. E. R. Hoyt 

Mr. and Mrs. Nat F. Jackson 

Mrs. Raymond D. Knight, Sr. 

Mr. and Mrs. A. N. O'Keefe 

Mr. and Mrs. R. J. Riles 

Mr. and Mrs. Stephen E. Foster 

Mr. and Mrs. John S. Bond 

Mr. and Mrs. O. M. Wellslager 

Mr. and Mrs. C. D. Fish 

Mr. and Mrs. T. W. Dunk 

Mr. and Mrs. E. E. Cohen 

Mr. aedn Mrs. Blair Burwell, Jr. 

Mr. and Mrs. Quimby Melton 

Mr. and Mrs. H. L. Covington 



Mr. and Mrs. Milton E. Bacon 
Mr. and Mrs. R. S. Nicholson 
Mr. and Mrs. John L. Roe 
Mr. and Mrs. Lorenzo A. Wilson 
Mr. and Mrs. Camille L'Engle 
Mr. and Mrs. J. W. Edmondson 
Mr. and Mrs. Chas. E. Jones 
Mr. and Mrs. Frank O. Spain 
Mr. and Mrs. Mellen C. Greeley 
Mr. and Mrs. B. S. Levy 
Mr. and Mrs. H. J. Klutho 
Mr. and Mrs. T. M. Keller 
Mr. and Mrs. J. C. Crawford 
Mr. and Mrs. Ernest L. Hill 
Mrs. Washington Smith 
Mr. and Mrs. V. H. Lanier 
Mr. and Mrs. Austin A. Miller 
Mr. and Mrs. John C. Cooper, Jr. 
Col. and Mrs. W. P. Corbett 
Mr. and Mrs. L. J. Larzelere 
Mr. and Mrs. A. V. Snell 
Mr. and Mrs. Bayless Haynes 
Mr. and Mrs. John E. Hartridge 
Mr. and Mrs. A. C. Ulmer 
Mr. and Mrs. W. M. Toomer 
Mr. and Mrs. Don Barnett 
Dr. and Mrs. Raymond Turck 
Mr. and Mrs. Linwood Jeffreys 
Judge and Mrs. Dewitt T. Gray 
Mr. and Mrs. Stockton Broome 
Mr. and Mrs. John Steele Porter 
Mr. and Mrs. W. R. Rannie 
Mr. and Mrs. J. H. Patterson 
Mr. and Mrs. C. C. Jones 
Mr. and Mrs. Solomon S. Shad 
Mrs. Florence M. Cooley 
Mr. and Mrs. Richard P. Marks 
Mr. and Mrs. Alston Cockrell 
Mr. and Mrs. Frank Rogers 
Mr. and Mrs. Joel H. Tucker 
Mr. and Mrs. Robert W. Simms 
Mr. and Mrs. Robt. R. Milam 
Mr. and Mrs. J. D. Holmes 
Mr. and Mrs. Frances Mason 
Mr. and Mrs. Frank D. Bisbee 
Mr. and Mrs. W. G. Jones 
Mr. and Mrs. D. C. Randolph 
Mr. and Mrs. C. M. Shine 
Mr. and Mrs. L. P. McCord 
Mrs. Emma Wienecke 
Mr. and Mrs. Chas. T. Paxon 
Mr. and Mrs. W. T. Stockton 
Mr. and Mrs. J. Henry Blount 
Mr. and Mrs. Reuben Ragland 
Mr. and Mrs. E. G. Trenholm 
Mr. and Mrs. A. K. Taylor 
Mr. and Mrs. Roswell King 
Mr. and Mrs. Jonathan Yerkes 



10 



JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 



Mr. and Mrs. J. E. Byrnes 
Mr. and Mrs. Chas. H. Mann 
Mr. and Mrs. H. C, Avery 
Mr. and Mrs. Geo. W. Parkhill 
Mr. and Mrs. Geo. H. Baldwin 
Mr. and Mrs. Geo. B. Hills 
Mr. and Mrs. Leopold Furchgott 
Mr. and Mrs. V. E. Jacobs 
Mr. and Mrs. Geo. R. DeSaussure 
Mr. and Mrs. Giles Patterson 
Judge and Mrs. Geo. Couper 

Gibbs 
Rev. E. M. Henderson 
Rev. A. M. Yarborough 
Rev. R. L. Baker 
Rev. S. W. King 
Rev. W. J. Kukendell 
H. C. Peelman 
Rev. J. T. Butler 
Rev. W. E. Harlow 
Rev. J. Mullady 
Rev. V. W. Shields 
Rev. A. M. Blackford 
Rev. Melville E. Johnson 
Rev. W. S. Gray 
Rev. 0. T. Usleman 
Rev. F. W. Sessions 
Rev. J. B. Mitchell 
Rev. H. A. Spencer 
Rev. F. W. Krauser 
Rev. H. P. Blocker 
Rev. D. D. D.ffenweirth 
Rev. S. D. Hendrix 
Rev. L. E. McNair 
Rev. W. A. Cleveland 
Rev. E. F. Montgomery 
Father Barry 
Rev. E. G. Schultz 
Rev. A. J. Coleman 



Mr. and Mrs. C. B. Campbell 

Mr. and Mrs. N. D. Suttles 

Mr. and Mrs. W. D. Jones 

Mr. and Mrs. W. B. Read 

Mr. and Mrs. C. B. Fitch 

Mr. and Mrs. Windle W. Smith 

Mr. and Mrs. E. E. Cleveland 

Mr. and Mrs. Herman Ulmer 

Mr. and Mrs. Chas. A. Chesnut 

Mr. and Mrs. Knox Simpson 

Rev. D. M. Coulson 

Rev. W. A. Hobson 

Rev. W. I. Sanders 

Rev. W. L. C. Mahon 

Rev. B. F. Green 

Rev. W. W. Lowery 

C. W. Kneeland 

Rev. J. T. Boone 

Rev. Chas. W. Ross 

Rev. E. C. Gillette 

Rev. D. B. Leatherbury 

Rev. C. W. Frazier 

Rev. Milton R. Worsham 

Rev. S. E. Idelman 

Rev. M. M. Reynolds 

Rev. J. B. Rooney 

Rev. R. Ira Barnett 

Rev. C. S. Hartridge 

Rev. J. E. Hartsfield 

Rev. H. Dutil 

Rev. J. D. Lewis 

Rev. G. H. Hendry 

Rev. J. M. Waggett 

Rev. E. W. Way 

Father M. Maher 

Dr. L L. Kaplan 

Rev. Karl I' rost 

Rev. W. H. Hiller 



FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 



11 



Those Who Made Florida's First Pageant and This Book 
Possible By Arranging the Finances 



W. D. Jones 

B. H. Chadwick Furniture Co. 
A. G. Cummer 

W. E. Cummer 

John L. Roe 

H. P. Adair 

L. T. Cheek 

R. V. Covington 

Wilson and Toomer Fertilizer Co. 

W. H. Baker 

A. W. Palmer 

O. M. Wellslager 

H. & W. B. Drew Co. 

C. D. Fish 

T. P. Denham 

Rhodes-Futch-Collins Furn. Co. 
Joseph H. Walsh 
H. S. Moulton 
T. W. Dunk 
J. C. Chase 

B. E. Hardacre 
J. E. Cohen 
Florida Metropolis 
A. Y. Milam 

J E. Byrnes 

H. L. Covington, Jr. 

M. L. Fleischel 

C. H. Mann 
H. C. Avery 
F. O. Miller 
Geo. W. Parkhill 
A. F. Perry 
Geo. W. Hardee 
F. C. Groover 
Geo. B. Hills 
Jefferson Thomas 
W. R. McQuaid 
E. M. L'Engle 
Milton E. Bacon 
J. K. Attwood 
C. B. Fitch 

N. D. Suttles 

L. P. McCord 

Mrs. Emma Wienecke 

V. E. Jacobs Co. 

Kohn-Furchgott Co. 



E. E. Cleaveland Funiture Co. 
James Demos 

Windle W. Smith 
W. A. Edmonds 
W. C. Cooper, Jr. 
H. J. Klutho 
W. H. Mouser 
T. M. Keller 

B. A. Murphy 
Nat F. Jackson 
J. C. Crawford 
Geo. W. Hessler 
M. C. Greeley 
Louis C. Rivas Co. 
Geo. R. DeSaussure 
W. E. Arnold 
Ernest H. Hill 
Melville E. Johnson 
Alfred Hess 

S. A. Kyle 

Joe S. Diver 

V. H. Lanier 

Lee Guest 

W. P. Gilreath 

James Y. Wilson 

W. R. Letcher 

W. L. Whitehead 

David Berkovitz 

Robert W. Simms 

W. J. Power 

Geo. J. Avant 

Ben Weathers 

W. K. Warren 

W. C. Warrington 

Harry B. Hoyt 

W. G. Jones 

R. L. Blagg 

Tutewiler Press 

T. W. Jenks 

Harry B. Howell 

Frank D. Bisbee, Trustee 

Don M. Barnett 

F. H. Farwell 

Randolph Motor Transportation 
Co. 

C. M. Shine 



12 



JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 



COMMUNITY PAGEANT ASSOCIATION 



Rev. Melville E. Johnson, Pres. 
Harry B. Hoyt, 1st V-Pres. 
George Avant, Treas. 



Geo. W. Hardee, 2nd V-Pres. 
Mellen C. Greeley, Secretary 



Executive Committee 



Melville E. Johnson, chairman 

F. C. Groover 

A. P. Anthony 

Harry B. Hoyt 

Geo. B. Hills 

Mrs. T. P. Denham 

Mrs. E. R. Hoyt 

Mrs. Jessie A. McGriff 

Marcus C. Fagg 

Hon. Gary A. Hardee 



Hon. John W. Martin 
Frank H. Owen 
Chas. A. Clark 
Arthur F. Perry 
Chas. H. Mann 
Miss Margaret Weed 
R. T. Blagg 
Rabbi I. L. Kaplan 
Father M. Maher 
Rev. W. A. Hobson 
Mrs. W. B. Young 
Mrs. C. W. Tucker 
Quimby Melton 
W. A. Elliott 
Rev. J. B. Mitchell 
Stockton Broome 
L. J. Larzelere 
W. E. Arnold 
L. W. Strum 
E. C. Williamson 
Chas. G. Day 
Mrs. C. C. Bucci 
Joe E. Byrnes 
Marcus Fagg 
Hon. Geo. Couper Gibbs 
Hon. Daniel A. Simmons 
Miss Tracy L'Engle 
Dr. Raymond C. Turck. 



T. Frederick Davis 
H. P. Adair 
Lorenzo A. Wilson 
Geo. W. Hardee 
Prof. Fons A. Hathaway 
Mrs. J. Y. Wilson 
Mrs. C. W. Tucker 
Miss Martha Race 
Geo. W. Hardee 
Miss Eleanor Rawson 



Directors 



Dr. Fredereick Waas 

Fred M. Valz 

Edward W. Lane 

Bion H. Barnett 

Mrs. W. W. Cummer 

Dr. L. E. McNair 

F. W. Hoyt 

Mrs. Jessie A. McGriff 

Mrs. Beulah M. Warner 

Miss Gertrude Jacobi 

R. P. Daniel, Jr. 

Mrs. Frank Brown 

Mrs. W. S. Jennings 

Chas. E. Jones 

R. T. Arnold 

Chas. Paxon 

Mrs. J. D. Alderman 

Mrs. 0. H. Page 

John H. Mackey 

F. O. Miller 

Mrs. J. B. Gravea 

J. C. Chase 

W. M. Stockton 

Hon. Rhydon M. Call 

Hon. DeWitt T. Gray 

Arthur T. Williams 

Miss Ruth Rich 



Art Committee 



Mrs. Lee Guest, Chairman 
Mrs. E. R. Hoyt 
Miss Florence Tricker 
Miss Louise Moffet 
Mrs. Arthur F. Perry 
Miss Susan Williams 



Franklin Yeager 
Mrs. Phelps M. Burchette 
Miss Marjorie Currier 
Mrs. Strawn Perry 
Mrs. T. H. Ellington. 



FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 13 

Auto Service Committee 

Mrs G P. Swanson, Chairman Oldsmobile Co. 

Mrs. M. K. Wilson Mrs. M. M. Green 

Mrs. John Karner Mrs. Fulton Saussy 

C E Riddle Mrs. Kenneth Merrill 

Howard Boss E. Screven Bond 
Barwald Motor Co. 

Boats Committee 

Kenneth Merrill, Chariman M. A. Evans 

Frank Holt, sub-Chairman C. W. Morton 

Capt. William Starratt J. C. Merrill 

Louis Strum A. B. Potter 

P E. Peck V. H. Eldred 

George Ruckes William Schloenbach 

M Enge Jos. Weed 

Geo. W. Gibbs Chas. E. Pelot 
B. F. Adams 

Cast Committee 

Mrs. J. Y. Wilson, Chairman Mrs. W. S. Thomas 

Miss Carmen Park Mrs. Frank Brown 

O Z. Tyler Miss Adele Jacobi 

Mrs. W. W. Smith Mrs. O. Z. Tyler 
Mrs. H. E. Reichard 

Costume Committee 

Mrs. Frank Genovar, Chairman Mrs. Frank Evans 

Miss Anne Stockton Miss Florence Tricker 

Miss Marjorie Currier Miss Mae Franklin 
Mrs. V. H. Gwinn 

Dance Committee 

Mrs. E. I. Minick, Chairman Miss Edith Rope 

Miss Clevie Cullum Miss Marjorie Smith 

Mrs. H. Ross Jimmie Collins 

Miss Adele Jacobi Miss Fay Evans 

Finance Committee 

H. S. Moulton, Chairman Wm. Stockton 

Joe Byrnes Jos. H. Walsh 

Geo. Avant Geo. W. Parkhill 

Don Barnett William Harkisheimer 

W. H. Johnson William Dickson 

L. P. McCord H. G. Aird 

Delmer Upchurch Alfred Hess 

Waldo Cummer James Stockton 

Leon Cheek C. D. Mills 

Nat Jackson J. M. Quincy 
Fred Farwell 



14 



JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 



Grounds 

Mellen C. Greeley, Chairman 
James Stockton 
Miss H. Dozier 
John R. Walsh 

B. F. Haynes, Jr. 
Marcy Mason 

C. T. Dawkins 
Geo. Hessler 
Laidley Ogden 
A. Laney 
Abner G. Withee 
M. B. Herlong 



Committee 

Solomon Shad 

Geo. B. Hill 

LeRoy Sheftall 

Ellis, Curtis & Kooker 

W. M. Marsh 

Louis Rivas 

R. J. Gallespie 

J. L. Wilkes 

W. T. Hadlow 

Fred Boston 

W. R. Frazier 

Tracy Acosta 



Grounds Service Committee 



Joshua C. Chase, Chairman 
Judge DeWitt T. Gray 
R. E. Merritt 



A. S. MacFarlane 
T. C. Imeson 
A. J. Roberts 



Jacksonville Boy Scouts Council 
Scoutmasters and Assistants 



A. S. MacFarlane, Scout Execu- 
tive 
Moreland Richardson, S. M. 
William Decker, Asst. 
Herman Gordon, Asst. 
Chas. Wellington, Asst. 
Cyril Marx, S. M. 
T. F. Davis, S. M. 
Benj. Shorstein, Asst. 
Carl H. Barlow, Asst. 
Carl Bowen, Asst. 
C. C. Strasburger, S. M. 
Earl Jacobs, S. M. 
W. B. Wasson, Asst. 
Alfred R. Stein, S. M. 
Herbert C. Brown, Asst. 
R. G. Madden, S. M. 
Clyde Moulton, Asst. 
H. Castine, S. M. 
J. J. Salzer, S. M. 
George Floyd, Asst. S. M. 
C. A. Hoyt, Asst. 



Nathanel L. Bedford, S. M. 
Clinton Denmark, Asst. 
Rev. M. E. Johnson, S. M. 
Wm. S. Chambers, S. M. 
Chas. Hamilton, Asst. 
Stanley Webb, S. M. 

E. C. Wimer, S. M. 
Alton R. Colcord, S. M. 
Stewart W. Pendleton, S. M. 
O. B. Jay, S. M. 

Chas. B. Wachtel, Asst. 
Hansel Jeffers, Asst. 
W. H. Wernicoff, Asst. 
J. V. Borum, S. M. 
Charles Harmon, Asst. 

F. L. Salfelder, S. M. 
Fred E. Lueders, S. M. 
E. L. Decker, Asst. 

Rev. Chas. Hartridge, S. M. 

Everett McDowell, Asst. 

Rev. E. F. Montgomery, S. M. 



Horse Committee 



W. J. Bryson, Chairman 
S. Permenter 
Charlie McQuage 



Ira Melson 

Harry T. Armington 

J. G. Permenter 



History Committee 



T. Frederick Davis, Chairman 
Mrs. Josephine Beckley 
Mrs. Elizabeth M. Bogart 
Mrs. Herbert M. Corse 
Richard P. Daniel, Jr. 



Benjamin Harrison 
Mrs. Linwood Jeffreys 
J. D. Kerrison 
Miss Gertrude L'Engle 
Miss Elizabeth V. Long 



FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 15 

Mrs. Thomas P. Denham Joseph F. Marron 

C. Seton Fleming Daniel A. Simmons 

Moses Folsom Miss Essie May Williams 

State History Committee 

Mrs. Minnie Moore Wilson, Kissimmee, Florida 

Chairman 

Mrs. F. R. S. Phillips Tallahassee, Florida 

Dr. James M. Leake University of Florida, 

Gainsville, Florida 

Mrs. S. L. Lowry Tampa, Florida 

Mrs. Frank A. Stanahan Ft. Lauderdale, Florida 

Mrs. Washington E. Conner New Smyrna, Florida 

Mr. John B. Stetson Elkins Park, Pa. 

Mrs. Florence Cooley Jacksonville, Florida 

Mrs. J. H. Durkee Jacksonville, Florida 

Invitation Committee 

Mayor John W. Martin, Rev. Melville Johnson 

Chairman A. V. Snell 

Frank H. Owen Fred M. Valz 
Chas. A. Clark 

Literary Committee 

Mrs. Jessie A.McGriff, Chairman Fred T. Davis 
Geo. Chapin Miss Martha Race 

Miss Eleanor Rawson 

Prologue Committee 

Miss Eleanor Rawson, Chairman Max G. Sabel 

Miss Margaret Fairlie Kenneth West 

Miss Frances Dickinson Pinder W. H. Cordner 

Mrs. F. M. Bogart Miss Martha Race 

Membership Committee 

Mrs. J. B. Graves, Chairman Mrs. Frank Rogers 

Miss Margaret Failie Mrs. Carrington Barrs 

Mrs. N. C. Slade George Shepherd 

Mrs. C. B. Rogers Miss Katherine Sproull 

Music Committee 

John J. Mackey, Chairman Prof. Wm. Meyer 

J. Warren Berry George Orner 

W. H. Leaker Lyman P. Prior 

Lou Volino Cyrus Washburn 

Mrs. G. H. Lake J. B. Lucy, Jr. 

Albert I. Spencer Miss Irma SchuU 

Fred Godfrey Arno E. Anske 
Mrs. Chas. Tucker 

Accompanists 

Mrs. Marion B. Bowles, Chairman Mrs. W. A. Foster 

Miss Isabel Oliver Miss Mary Morris 

Miss Joanna Boyer Miss Fannie Frost Miller 

Miss Emma White Mrs. A. L. Powell 

Miss Helen Hollingsworth Mrs. Blanche Delgado Sheftall 

Mrs. S. M. Hirons 



16 



JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 



Photography Committee 



Geo. M. Chapin, Chairman 
C. W. Dishinger 



H. J. Klutho 
V. W. Eldred 



Productions Committee 



Miss 
Mrs. 
Miss 
Miss 
Miss 
Mrs. 
Mrs. 
Miss 
Mrs. 
Mrs. 



Eleanor Rawson, Chairman 

E. I. Minick 

Gertrude Jacobi 

Margaret Fairlie 

Elizabeth Long 

Edward L'Engle 

E. H. Seasbrook 

Anne Stockton 

Chas. Johnson 

John L. Doggett 



Mrs. E. R. Hoyt 

Mrs. V. H. G-w-inn 

Mrs. Frances L'Engle 

Mrs. Wilmarth Taylor 

Mrs. R. B. Trueman 

Miss Frances Ruggles 

Miss Ruth Rich 

Miss Gertrude L'Engle 

Miss Martha Race 

Miss Margaret Somerville 



Advance Ticket Sale Committee 



Mrs. S. Franklin Gammon, 

Chairman 
Mrs. Frank H. Mallard 
Mrs. W. L. Benton 



• Mrs. Robert J. Downey 
Mrs. N. A. Upchurch 
Mrs. Julian E. Gammon 



Program Committee 



M. G. Schiveley, Chairman 
Mrs. B. W. Blount 
Mrs. O. H. Page 
John Othen 



Mrs. J. D. Holmes 
Mrs. J. D. Alderman 
Mrs. M. M. Lander 
Prof. R. B. Rutherford 



Properties Committee 



George Massey, Chairman 
Mrs. Wm. Jeacle 
George Ruckles 
C. A. Hoyt 



H. H. Drayton 

Mrs. Percy J. Mundy 

L. C. Hitchcock 



Make-Up Committee 



Miss Virginia W. Estes 

Mr. and Mrs. J. Elwell 

Jose Whidden 

Laura Nickel 

Mrs. Mildred Hostage 



Miss Hussel 
Mrs. Lyle T. Irwin 
Joyce Clark 
Ethel Hancock 



Publicity Committee 



Mrs. O. Y. Elder, Chairman 

Mrs. George Bucci 

Mrs. J. O. Holder 

Mrs. O. H. Page 

Mrs. Frank Brown 

Mrs. N. S. Brinkley 

Mrs. W. W. Porser 

Mrs. J. D. Alderman 

Mrs. Gail Barnard 

Mrs. A. S. Delinski 

Mrs. Carrington Barrs 

Mrs. James Campbell 



Mrs. Giles Brown 

Mrs. R. E. Hodges 

Mrs. J. H. Yewing 

Mrs. John Miller 

Mrs. Harry Williams, of Arling- 
ton 

Mrs. Moselle, Green Cove 
Springs 

Mrs. Paul Carpenter, South 
Jacksonville 

Mrs. C. A. Purcel, 
Pablo Beach. 



FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 



17 



Speakers Bureau 

Mr. Richard P. Daniels, Jr., John W. Dodge 

Chairman Alston Cockrell, Jr. 

F. P. Fleming Stanton Walker 
R. D. Knight E. S. Hemphill 

A. H. King W. M. Madison 
H. P. Osborne 

Workshop Committee 

Mrs. E. R. Hoyt, Chairman Mrs. Fons Hathaway 

Mrs. A. J. Coleman Mrs. Ray D. Knight 

Mrs. Frank Genovar Miss Frances Ruggles 

Mrs. George Christie Mrs. W. Jenison 

Mrs. Fred Burr Mrs. F. P. West 
Mrs. Josephine Nutter 

Decoration Committee 

B. K. Hanafourde, Chairman Joe Byrnes 
Wm. C. Logan Albert Hess 
E. M. Dougherty 

Railroad Transportation 

G. Z. Phillips, Chairman S. G. Linderbeck 
W. D. Stark G. R. Pettit 

O. H. Page 

Local Transportation 

C. C. Jones, Chairman Frank Rogers 

Elmer Hagin 

STAGE DIRECTION 



J. Oliver Brison 
Eleanor Rawson 
Pauline Oak 



Mr. and Mrs J. Y. Wilson 
Mrs. E. R. Hoyt 
Margaret Somerville 
Mrs. Arthur Perry 



Directors 

Gertrude Jacobi 
Mrs. E. L Minick 

Entrance Directors 

Anne L. Stockton 
Mrs. O. Z. Tyler 
Mrs. F. O. Spain 



Field Directors 



Mrs. E. M. Bogart 

Mrs. Grace P. Woodman 

Gertrude Marvin 

Mr. L. S. Teague 

Mrs. Chas. Johnson 

Adele Jacobi 

Mr. Francis A. Moore 

Mr. Ernest Quincy 

Mr. Fred Wood 

Martha Race 

Dr. and Mrs. L. J. L'Engle 

Gertrude L'Engle 

Delia Meigs 

May Franklin 

Margaret Fairlee 

Mrs. Hake Lesk 

Ruth Rich 

Mr. and Mrs. H. L. Richmond 

Marion Adams 

Virginia McHvain 



Mr. Scriven Bond 
Mr. B. N. Jones 
Mr. L. McCubbins 
Frances Ruggles 
Elsie Butell 
Mrs. D. D. Colcock 
Mr. Francis L'Engle 
Mr. Frances Ewell 
Mrs. W. B. Ford 
Beulah Beal 
Clara Weltch 
Sarah Smith 
Mr. Stanley Webb 
Mr. F. E. Bislon 
Miss May Franklin 
Mrs. W. Taylor 
Mrs. R. B. Truman 
Mrs. Robert R. Milam 
Edith Burrow^s 
Irene Stuart 



18 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 

COSTUME DESIGNS — By members of Art Committee 

WORKSHOP — Under direction of Majorie Currier. 

BOATS — Designed and built by Members of Boat Committee. 

PROPERTIES — George Massey, Chairman. 

OLD FORT — Designed by Miss H. Dozier 

SMALL PROPERTIES— Made by George Ruckes, C. E. Hitchcock. 
U. S. Hospital for disabled Florida soldiers, made under direc- 
tion of Ralph Smith. 

HORSES — Loaned by Bryson Live Stock Co., J. A. McQuage Co., 
Permenter Live Stock Co. 

ARCHITECTURAL AND CONTRACTUAL WORK— By members of 
Grounds Committee. 

USE OF GROUNDS — Given by Mrs. Abner G. Withee, Soloman S. 
Shad, Avondale Co., C. H. Mann, W. F. Catling, Shelby Smith, 
Miss Elenor Rawson, Mrs. Josephine Simmons, H. A. Renfroe 
and E. H. Fredericks. 



FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 19 

PERSONNEL PAGEANT DIRECTION 

Pageant Director — Nina B. Lamkin, Dramatic De- 
partment, Community Service, Inc., New York. 

Executive Director — J. Oliver Brison, Community 
Service, Inc., New York. 

Chorus Director — Lyman P. Prior. 

Orchestra Director — Geo. Orner. 

Band Director — J. Warren Berry. 

Personnel of Chorus Groups 

Organization Director 

Community Music Association Lyman P. Prior 

Chorus Units Organizer Mrs. Chas. W. Tucker 

St. Johns Episcopal Choir H. F. Rivenburg 

Good Shepherd Episcopal Choir Nelson Brett 

Snyder Memorial M, E. Choir Lyman P. Prior 

First Christian Church Choir L. M. Wanckel 

Main Street Baptist Church Choir H. M. Wilson 

Central Christian Church Choir J. Nisson Lamb 

Riverside Baptist Church Choir N. W. Cathcart 

Chorus of School Children Mrs, Grace P. Woodman 

Riverside Park Meth. Church Choir ...Mrs. J. T. Blalock 

St. Andrews Church Choir John Z. Parsons 

American Harmony Association G. Porter 

Fryar Studio of Music Chorus Miss Gertrude Mason 

Immaculate Conception Choir 

Genevieve McMurray and Jos. Schrieber 

Mary B. Morris Chorus Accompanist 

Pianos loaned by F. O. Miller, S. Ernest Phillpit, 
Cable Piano Co. 



20 



JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 



PAGEANT ORCHESTRA 



Under the Direction of George Orner 

Composed of the following orchestral units: 

Community Concert Orchestra 

Violins Flutes 

Herbert Folsom J- F. Livingston 

W. W. Hunter Sol Goldberg 
J. H. Copeland Clarinets 

N. A. Von Dohlen Vincent J. Rio 

Leo Carrol Folsom J- J- Dmsmore 
Nels Johnson Cornets 

J. G. Morton Guy L. Carter 

Leon Joel Roland Deaton 
Fred Wolf Trombones 

C. E. Pallett Earl B. Romig 

David Fripp C. H. Bernreutter 
Lucien Moray Wanckel • Saxophones 

John Meyer, Jr. T. E. Jackson 

Sidney L. Clark Felix Meyer 

Ellis Ferandel Eugene C. Cellon 

g> ,1 C. W. Godwin 

Cellos -i\yr o 

T^. , , __ Mr. Summers 

Richard Knauer Horns 

£• ^;r^^¥"^^" O- J- Muehlbacher 

E. W. Obernauer Avery G. Powell 

Basso Drums 

Arno E. Anske Harry L. Canova 

THEATER MUSICIANS 

Arcade Theater 

Frank Norris Violin 

Florian Del Record Clarinet 

Eugene Bedard Ceilo 

Ernest Goodwin Bass 

Enrique Baza Flute 

C. O. Robinson Tympani 

Russell Broughman Trumpet 

Imperial Theater 

Clyde Gardner _ Violin 

E. A. Holmes ..Clarinet 

Adolph Marier Cello 

Segundo Lopez Bass 

Palace Theater 

Howard Manucy Piano 

D. J. Cunningham Violin 

Lloyd Massey Trumpet 

Joe Crevasse Drums 

Fred Thellman Clarinet 

W. E. Atkinson Trombone 

Rialto Theater 
Charles Nelson Organ 



FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 



21 



Duval Theater 

Geo. Orner Violin 

Geo. Frick Clarinet 

Joe Verney Clarinet 

J. H. Hebblen Bass 

Carl Richardson Drums 

Casino Theater 

Mrs. J. D. Joel. 

Mason Hotel Orchestra 

Harry Potter Piano 

L. D. Branch Violin 

Leo Paroda Clarinet 

G. Pearson Drums 

COMMUNITY BAND 

Under Direction J. Warren Berry 

Cornets U. Russo 

Cyrus Washborn J- ^ytle 

James Deacy ^- ^^^^ 

Lloyd Massey ^- ^^e 

G. E. Masche C. Jackson 
H. Haydock Baritones 

Percy Branning V. Santors 

Eldon Boyce Carrol Ford 

Clarinets L. Snyder 
John Bell Trombones 

Jos. Verni jj. E. Ross 

Geo. Boutivell ^^^^y. Pumell 

Jos. Needham jj perters 

GlenGiddmgs Log_ Ci^^^ 

Jos. Barbiers j^g. Bienizer 

Harry Howell -^ ^^ Curtis 

Edward Wells A. Rooney 

Leo Pasoda rp Xeate 

Robert Ross ^i McCormick 

Flute, Piccolo j^^^^ 

H. Hess r^ T^ J. ^ 

C. Frenstead 

Saxaphones Percy Allen 

H. Hatcher Alvin Foster 

Geo. Hattern R. Gorden 

John Thomas Dr. Brillhart 
R. Banzhof Drums 

L. Mendelssohn a t> o 

Edward Dretina ^•^\ Spencer 

. Albert Fowler 

Bass Clarinet j^^^^ jjahn 

Florian Record Carl Richardson 

French Horns P- Bernreuter 

D. Bache 



22 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 

CHARACTERS AND GROUPS IN ORDER 
OF THEIR ENTRANCE WITH GROUP SPONSORS 

Reader of Prologues— Rev. Melville E. Johnson. 

FLORIDA — Mrs. Frances L'Engle. 

FLORIDA'S ATTENDANTS— Mrs. Damon Yerkes, Frances Shme, 

Emma R. Williams, Isabelle M. Williams, Anna R. Williams, Susan 

A. Williams, Mrs. Phil May, Mrs. Judson Yerkes and 
others. 

SEA NYMPHS — Concordia School, Clevie Cullum. 

SPIRIT OF THE FOREST — Eulalie Haas. . 

VOICES OF THE FOREST — Junior Dept. Ladies Friday Musical, 
Claire Kellogg, Mrs. A. A. Coult, Margaret Haas. 

LEGEND OF THE FLORIDA MOSS — Story Tellers' League. 

SPANISH MOSS — Junior Department Concordia School, Clevie Cul- 
lum. 

MIST MAIDENS — Riverside Group, Mrs. Jessie A. McGriff. 

IHE NORTH WIND — Violet Newell. 

THE SOUTH WIND — Louise Newell. 

POINSETTIA — Pupils of Fay Evans School of Dancing, Fay Evans. 

RED BIRDS — Nancy Boss, Betty Boss. 

EPISODE I 

THE FIREMAKER — Austin Norton 

CHIEF UCITA — R. L. Pullen. 

CHIEF TUSCALA— F. L. Cooper. 

INDIAN BRAVES — Kiwanis Club, F. L. Cooper, Louis Rivas, Geo. 
V. Salzer. 

INDIAN BRAVES — Seminole Tribe Red Men — Percy L. Thomas, 
W. J. Tipton. 

CHIEF SATOURIONA— 

CHIEF OLOCATORA — Walter G. Whiteman 

INDIAN BRAVES — Junior Chamber of Commerce, Donald Barnett, 
Louis Rivas, Robert Frazier. 

INDIAN CHIEF— S. F. Williams. 

INDIAN BRAVES — Red Cross Volunteer Life Saving Corps, Capt. 
O. L. Schubert, Seminole Canoe Club, Wm. Schloenbach. 

CHIEF HELICOPALE— S. T. Campbell. 

MEDICINE MAN — A. F. Brookside. 

INDIAN BRAVES — Lackawanna League, Walter G. Whiteman. 

INDIAN BRAVES — St. Andrews Parish, Lysle Johnson. 

INDIAN GUIDES — Y. M. C. A., Mr. Carlisle. 

INDIAN BRAVES — High School Boys, O. P. West. 

INDIAN BOYS — Brentwood League, Mrs. J. H. Hennies. 

INDIAN WOMEN — Lackwanna League, Mrs. T. H. Wigg, Mrs. C. 
E. Weathers. 

INDIAN WOMEN — Friendship Camp. 

INDIAN WOMEN — Friendship Camp, Poinsetta Camp, Royal Neigh- 
bors of America, Mrs. Edward Hershberg Mrs. Carrie 

B. Grunthal. 

INDIAN GROUP — Central Riverside Community League, Mrs. I. 

N. Nivan. 
DAUGHTER OF TUSCALA — Mrs. Austin Norton. 
INDIAN WOMEN — Moosehart Legion, Mrs. E. Van Valkenburg. 
INDIAN WOMEN — Pocahontas Lodge, Mrs. Lockwood, Mrs. W. 

J. Tipton. 
INDIAN WOMEN — Womens Club South Jacksonville, Mrs. J. T. 

Atkinson, Mrs. F. J. Bingham. 



FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 23 

INDIAN WOMEN — American Legion Auxilliary, Mrs. Davenport. 

INDIAN WOMEN— East Jacksonville Mothers Club, Mrs. W. H. 
Honeycutt. 

INDIAN WOMEN— Pythian Sisters, Jacksonville Chapter No. 3 
Mrs. W. A. Vassar. 

INDIAN WOMEN — St. John's Branch Girls Friendly Society, Anna 
Lalor. 

INDIAN WOMEN— y. W. C. A. Girl's Clubs, Miss Edith Rope. 

INDIAN GIRLS— Camp Fire Girls, Mrs. M. H. Ogilvie. 

INDIAN RIDERS — Eugene Permenter, Katherine Bryson, Thelma 
Permenter, Virginia Taylor, Retta Frost, Asther Cum- 
mings, Mr. and Mrs. W. H. Donaldson, Myrtle Nevin, 
Gladys Holmes, Inez Norton, Mrs. Kaufman. 

INTERLUDE I 

FOUNTAIN OF YOUTH — Young Women of Jacksonville, Marion 

Adams, Edith Burrowes. 
GROUP LEADERS — Mrs. Wilson Sweat, Virginia Fish, Mary Hoyt, 

Katherine Chestnut. 

EPISODE II 
Scene 1 

PONCE DE LEON — Frank Wideman. 

AIDES — Franklin Russell, Jr., W. J. Baker. 

ASSOCIATES— First Baptist Church, C. E. Martin, Robert Mclver, 

E. C. Vaughn, D. E. Rigdell, J. L. Odum, V/. G. Jones, 

P. K. Wilson,. Dr. M. E. Kennedy, G. B. Levy, L. E 

Brown, W. A. J. Moore. 
SPANISH SOLDIERS— National Guards, Capt M. R. Woodward. 
INDIAN GUIDES— Y. M. C. A., Mr. Carlisle. 
SPANISH PRIEST— Knights of Columbus, A. N. O'Keefe, C. R. 

Mundee, C. F. Dieter. 
LEADER OF SPANISH MEN— Loren Green. 
SPANISH MEN— Brentwood League, Mrs. F. C. Taylor. 
SPANISH MEN— Y. M. C. A., Mr. Carlisle. 
SPANISH MEN— First Christ-an Church, Mrs. May Winn. 
SPANISH BOYS AS ATTENDANTS— Group from Riverside, Mrs. 

Fulton Saussy. 

Indians in Episode I 
Scene II 

INDIAN BOYS — Brentwood League, Mrs. J. H. Hennies. 
INDIAN CHILDREN— Lackwanna, Mrs. Ellington. 
INDIAN DANCER— Creel Durrance. 
Scene I 

EPISODE III 

NARVAEZ — William Cordner. 

ASSOCIATES — Herbert Lamson, Charles Taylor, P. Moody Clarkson, 

Lawrence Holton, Leroy Dart, Claude Shine, William 
Wakefield, Wm. Thigten, Harry Johnson. 
SPANISH MEN — Brentwood League, Mrs. F. C. Taylor; Y. M. C. A. 
Mr. Carlisle; East Jacksonville Community League, 

Mr Pacetti 
JUAN ORTIZ— Francis Stringfellow. 
CABEZA DE VACA— 
SPANISH SOLDIERS— National Guards. 
INDIAN GUIDES— Y. M. C. A., Duval High School Boys. 



24 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 

Scene II 

CHIEF UCITA— R. L. Pullen. 

INDIAN PRINCESS DAUGHTER OF CHIEF UCITA— Katherine 

Wilson. 
ATTENDANTS OF PRINCESS— Members of Mrs. Nelson Brett's 

Class, Church of Good Shepherd and Lois West, Julia 

Bronson, Julia Heard, Frances Young, Helen Holden, 

Jacynthia Smith, Susie Burdett. 

INDIAN BRAVES— IN EPISODE I 

INDIAN WOMEN — Mrs. Plant Osbourne and Group. 

Scene III 

DE SOTO— Plant Osbourne. 

AIDES — Kenneth W. Hunter, Stanton Walker. 

SPECIAL AIDES TO DE SOTO— Geo. H. Baldwin, Herbert Lamson, 

Robert Mclver, Wm. B. Young, Jr., P. Moody Clarkson, 

Chas. Wightman. 
ASSOCIATES— C. E. Martin and Group. 
INDIAN GUIDES— Seminole Yatch Club, Wm. Schloenback, Mr. 

Engle. 
SPANISH PRIESTS— Knight of Columbus. 
SPANISH BOYS OF ATTENDANTS— Miss Jacobi's School. 

INTERLUDE II 

SPIRIT OF THE RIVER— Garry Ford. 

RIVER SPIRITS— Duval High School Girls, Mrs. M. G. Gundy; 
V. I. M. Corps (H. S.) — Carmen H. Pike; Excelsis 
Corps (H. S)— Mrs. J. M. Endenfield; 8th Grade Girls, 
Mrs. Martha Race. 

EPISODE IV 
Scene I 

JEAN RIBAULT— Civitan Club. Frank Dearing. 

CHIEF AID— Civitan Club, Charles Bettes. 

ASSOCIATES — Civitan Members, Frank Rogers, R. D. Baldwin, 
J. D. Sasse, John Holmes, Dr. James Pasco, W. F. Coach- 
man, Jr., Lingan A. Warren, Archer Hubbard, Frank 
Bisbee, William Letcher. 

ASSOCIATES— Evan T. Evans, Arthur DuProz. 

HUGUENOT PREACHER— Rev. Douglass Leatherbury. 

FRENCH SOLDIERS— Duval H. S. Boys. 

FOLLOWERS WITH RIBAULT— East Jacksonville Presbyterian 
Church, E. M. Norton. 

Scene II 

LAUDONNIERE— Howard Harkisheimer. 

ASSOCIATES— Those who came with Ribault. 

FOLLOWERS — Those who came with Ribault. 

Scene III. 

HUGUENOT WOMEN— Jacksonville Chapter D. A. R., Mrs. J. M. 

Durkee, Mrs. Frances Cooley. 
HUGUENOT WOMEN— Katherine Livingston Chapter D. A. R., 

Mrs. K. Hooper. 
HUGUENOT WOMEN— Group led by Mrs. E. H. Seabrook. 
HUGUENOT MEN AND WOMEN (Decendants of Early Huguenots) 

— Congi-egational Church, Mr. and Mrs. W. L. Bedford. 



FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 25 

HUGUENOT WOMEN— First Methodist Church, Mrs. R. L. Pullen. 
HUGUENOT GIRLS— First Methodist Church, Mrs. Gene Franklin. 
INDIANS IN FORMER SCENES. 
Scene IV 

MENENDEZ — Thomas T. Elmore. 

SPANISH SOLDIERS— National Guards 

FATHER MENDOZA AND PRIESTS— Knights of Columbus, A. N. 

O'Keefe. 
JEAN GYROT — Russell Moore. 
INDIAN GUIDES — Roswell King and Group. 
SPANISH MEN IN OTHER SCENES- 
INDIANS IN FORMER SCENES— 

Scene V 

DOMINIC de GOURGUES— J. B. Lucy. 
ASSOCIATES — Huguenot men in other scenes. 

INTERLUDE III 

VOICES OF THE FLORIDA SPRINGS — Concordia School, Clevie 
Cullum. 

EPISODE V 

MENENDEZ — Thomas T. Elmore. 

SPANISH PRIESTS — Knights of Columbus. 

ASSOCIATES OF MENENDEZ — All Spanish men in earlier scenes. 

INDIANS IN FORMER SCENES. 

INTERLUDE IV 

SPIRIT OF THE FLOWERS — Louise Collins. 

SPIRIT OF JASSAMINE — Genevieve Estes. 

SPIRIT OF THE CHEROKEE ROSE— Vida McGriff. 

SPIRIT OF THE PHLOX — Elaine Klepper. 

SPIRIT OF WATER HYACINTH— Eleanor Haight. 

JASSAMINE GROUP — Jacksonville Schools, Marie Smith. 

CHEROKEE ROSE GROUP — Jacksonville Schools, Marie Smith. 

PHLOX GROUP — Jacksonville Schools, Marie Smith. 

WATER HYACINTHS — Jacksonville Schools, Marie Smith. 

BROWN EYED SUSANS — East Jacksonville Schools, Mrs. DuBose. 

FLORIDA BIRDS — Dancing Class, Marjorie Smith. 

FLORIDA BUTTERFLIES — Dancing Class, Marjorie Smith. 

EPISODE VI 

GOVERNOR HERRERA — Abner Withee. 

STAFF — Civitan Club, R. E. Bonfield, C. Buckman, Marion Bowles, 
Edward H. Clarkson, A. B. Conley, T. M. Dechman, T. T. 
Elmore, S. F. Gammon, Geo. W. Simmons, E. J. Marquis, 
C. H. Lloyd. 

SPANISH SOLDIERS — National Guards. 

GOVERNOR JAMES GRANT — Donald Barnett. 

AIDES — E. R. Hoyt, Raymond Knight, T. C. Imeson, Russell In- 
graham. 

STAFF — Civitan Members, Charles G. Strickland, leader. Nelson 
Brett, R. A. Baker, E. G. Fehr, B. K. Hall, C. C. Franklin, 
C. C. Jones, A. W. Inglis, J. H. Payne, E. E. Duncan, G. 
E. Smith. 

ENGLISH SOLDIERS — American Legion. 

ENGLISH MEN — John Holland and Group. 



26 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 

ENGLISH WOMEN — Daughters of the British Empire, Mrs. Geo. 

Emery. 
ENGLISH WOMEN — Womens Club, Clevie Cullum. 
ENGLISH WOMEN — Virginia Asher Council, Verne Crowell. 
ENGLISH WOMEN— Business and Professional Womens Club, Mrs. 

C. A. Witle, Mr. G. E. Murial. 
ENGLISH WOMEN GROUP— Mrs. W. M. Mason. 
ENGLISH WOMEN GROUP — Pan Hellenic Association, Martha 

Brotherton. 
ENGLISH GIRLS— Y. W. C. A., Miss Hicks. 
ENGLISH GIRLS — Elizabeth Edgar Home— Mrs. H. W. Dexter, 

Mrs. C. W. Denton, Miss N. Casey. 
ENGLISH BOYS AND GIRLS — Duval High School, Miss V. L. 

Shore. 
ENGLISH CHILDREN — Mrs. J. W. Berry. 

EPISODE VII 

ALL SPANISH MEN IN EARLIER SCENES. 

ALL SPANISH ASSOCIATES AND FOLLOWERS IN EARLIER 
SCENES. 

SPANISH WOMEN — First Christian Church — Mrs. C. W. Zar- 
ing. 

SPANISH WOMEN— Mrs. I. L. Kaplan and Group. 

SPANISH WOMEN — Mrs. F. K. West and Group. 

SPANISH WOMEN — Brentwood League, Mrs. W. W. Burr. 

SPANISH WOMEN — Catholic Woman's Club, Mrs. David Maner. 
Mr. Vincent Armstrong, Mrs. P. D. McGarry. 

STROLLING MINISTRELS — Miss Bethels School of Music, Yulee 
Bethel. 

SPANISH DANCERS— Eulalie Haas, Gary Ford. 

SPANISH GIRLS — Y. W. C. A., Girl Reserves, South Jacksonville 
Corps; Advisors, Margaret Richardson, Miss Finley 
Panama Park Royal Palm Corps, Ruth Brothers; Be 
Square Corps, Geraldine Hatcher; Lackawanna Corps, 
Mrs. Plank; Rainbow Corps, Mrs. G. B. McDowell, Shaw- 
nee Corps, Carmen Park. 

SPANISH DANCERS — Jimmie Collins, Omar Davis. 

SPANISH GROUP IN ENSEMBLE — Miss Jacobi's School, Margaret 
Brammer, Carrie Kaeber, Hazel Quincy. 

SPANISH GIRLS — Furchgotts Store, Anna Klinkhammer. 

SPANISH GIRLS — Cohen's Store, Alice Lines. 

SPANISH GROUP — Jacksonville Young Women. Mrs. M. A. Besser. 

SPANISH GROUP — Harriet Hendricks, Ruth Mettinger, Gertrude 
Mason, Frances West, Betty Fryer, Esther Catlin, Mrs. 
J. B. Baldwin, Gladys Cook, Abbie Barrs, Ethel Allen. 

TAMBOURINE GIRL — Nettie Wineman. 

FRUIT VENDER — Clarice Naumburg. 

FLOWER GIRL^Helen Naumburg. 

SPANISH CHILDREN — Brentwood League, Mrs. Dave Benson. 

EPISODE VIII 
Scene I. 

ANDREW JACKSON— C. Seton Fleming. 
AIDE TO JACKSON — Barney Shields. 
ASSOCIATES — Rotary Club Members. 
CONTINENTIAL SOLDIERS — American Legion. 
SPANISH COMMANDER— Col. Callava, Abner Withee. 



FLORIDE HISTORICAL PAGEANT 27 

FRENCH SOLDIERS— National Guards. 

SPANISH SOLDIERS — National Guards. 

BRITISH SOLDIERS— American Legion. „ . , ^ ^ ^ i, , 

INDIAN CHIEF — Alexander McGillvray, Seminole Lodge of Red 

Men. 
INDIAN BRAVES — Seminole Lodge of Red Men, Percy Thomas, 

W. J. Tipton. 
Scene II 
PIONEER MEN — led by John L. Doggett, Jr., Wilson Baltzell, 

C. E. McKinnon and others 

PIONEER MEN — Association of Engineers, Geo. W. Simmons, W. 

W. Fineran, W. E. Sheddan, 
PIONEER MEN AND WOMEN — Ortega Citizens, Mrs. R. I. Rue, 

Mrs. M. H. Martin, Mrs. W. Ostner, Mrs. I. F. Rooney, 

Mr. and Mrs. R. E. Hodges, Mrs. V. 0. Banks. 
GOVERNOR DUVAL— Pope Duval. ,. ^ , 

AIDES AND STAFF — Rotary Club Members, Eddie Cohen, Geo. 

W. Thames. 
JAMES GADSDEN— Eddie Cohen. 
BERNARDO SEGUI — Geo. W. Thames, W. L. Shekey, Joseph H. 

Marron, C. B. Sandberg, William C. Logan, John D. 

Baker, John Stephens, H. S. Moulton, W. E. Arnold. 
PIONEER WOMEN — Rebecca Lodge No. 1, Mrs. M. E. Fairbanks, 

Mrs. Rashel Wells, Mrs. Josie Morrow, Mrs. O. Pellicer. 
PIONEERS — Murray Hill, Mrs. J. T. Campbell, Mrs. C. C. Dailey. 
PIONEER CHILDREN— Junior Department, Miss Jacobi's School, 

Miss Adele Jacobi. 
PIONEER CHILDREN — Children of the Republic, sponsered by 

D. A. R., Miss Anne Stockton. 

Scene III. — Treaty of Ft. Moultrie 

CHIEF OF THE SEMINOLES — J. R. Thurler, Great Sachem, Sem- 
inole Lodge of Red Men. 

SEMINOLES — Seminole Lodge Order of Red Men, Percy L. Thomas, 
W. J. Tipton 

INDIAN CHIEFS AND BRAVES IN EARLIER SCENES. 

INTERLUDE V 

FLORIDA'S GIFT TO THE WORLD— 
THE WHITE SAILS — Processional of Boats. 

ENSEMBLE OF ALL WHO HAVE MADE FLORIDA'S EARLY 
HISTORY. 



28 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 



FLORIDA 

O'er waters blue and under skies 
Whose tints reflected in the wave, 
My boat sails on along a shore 
Resplendent with the gifts God gave. 

The waving palms, majestic, tall 
The oaks with grey moss moving slow 
And orange groves whose yellow globes 
Peep through the green leaves high and lo 

And, as I thrill at this great sight 

A perfume steals upon me there. 

That grips my heart in ecstacy, 

And bathes my soul in wordless prayer. 

For poetry itself has come 

To shed its light upon the whole. 

Embodied in the orange bloom, 

The perfect poem of the Soul. 

Ah Florida ! thy fronded palms 

And orange groves and waters blue, 

Thy tender skies and brilliant birds 

Make Life a poem sweet and true. 



Gertrude Jacobi. 



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FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 31 



THE BOOK OF THE PAGEANT 

Introduction 

An Historical Pageant aims to present in a specta- 
cular and dramatic form the vital events which make a 
country what it is. In its successful presentation some- 
thing is demanded of the audience as well as of the pro- 
ducers and performers. Pageantry is a distinct form 
of dramatic entertainment, suggesting both the drama 
and the moving picture, yet distinct from either in that 
Nature provides us everything but a drop curtain and a 
movable stage. The Audience must use its imagination 
to supply these deficiencies. The Stage of the present 
pageant moves all over the State of Florida — St. Augus- 
ine, Tampa, St. Johns River, Pensacola. Each of these 
localities is rich in intensely dramatic material which, 
can only be suggested here today. As interest in our 
State Pageant grows, the possibilities for increased beau- 
ty, variety and finish of production will also grow so that 
in time our Florida Pageant will be known throughout 
the world for its beautiful and artistic interpretation of 
those living forces which have sustained the "Land of 
Flowers." 



32 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 



AUTHORS OF THE PAGEANT 

The Florida State Historical Pageant has been writ- 
ten and developed thru the efforts of many people work- 
ing together on a Community project which had for its 
ultimate good the dramitization of the History of the 
^late, in a way that should adequately record the achieve- 
ments of those who builded in the early years and should 
show our reverence for Tradition, our honor to our fore- 
bears, our loyalty to our State and Nation. 

The first outline of the Pageant was prepared by the 
Literary Committee of which Mrs. Jessie A. Mcriff is 
Chairman. 

The History Committee of which T. Frederick Davis 
is Chairman, co-operating with the Literary Committee, 
enlarged and developed this outline. 

The Historical sketches have been prepared by the 
History Comittee. 

The Prologues have been written by different people. 
Credit for these is given in the Book of the Pageant. 

The Stories of Interludes and Episodes have been pre- 
pared by the Literary Committee. 

The Pageant Director adapted the Pageant for dram- 
atic production. 

We are indebted to the State Historical Committee 
for data, also to the books and authors named in the 
Bibliography. 




EULALIE HAAS— THE SPIRIT OF THE FOREST. Ford Studio. 



FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 35 

FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 

Buglers announce the Pageant 

Chorus — Nocturnal and Morning Hymn of 
Praise from Atalanta — Safrinck. 

Prologue — The Land of Flowers. 

There is a hush that waits upon the dawn, 

A pause apochryphal, transcending thought, 

When what has been is merged in what shall be. 

As mists take shapes of fair reality. 

So rising from the foam of opal seas, 

As in far Paphos when the world was young, 

With fond entreaty and the soft lament 

Of silver waves that follow up the strand. 

Comes one to w^hom our loyalty and love 

Flow forth in greeting, as a wave of flowers — 

Magnolia, and that sister to the wind 

Brief jasmine, honeysuckle with her pale 

Pink syrinx piping softly to the Spring 

Where iris leans, to hear the rippling-song 

Of nymphs that follow down the ebbing tide 

To frolic with their sisters of the sea 

And from the deeper shade of glades that keep 
A cloistral quiet as of ocean caves. 
The voices of the Forest echo down 

Like Twilight memories of far-off bells 

While from the whispering Palm, the druid Oak, 
The ghostly Cypress and each haunted tree 
Step forth those little sisters of the Dusk, 

The Forest Spirits, mad for revelry 

Who dance the legend of the Spanish Moss — 

Of how the North Wind in his Masque of Death 

Desired the flowers . . . how the South Wind wept 

Until Great Spirit shook the small grey clouds 

Down the wide sky for cloaks for these . . . until 

From lodge and tepee and each far trail's end, 

The happy people of this sunny land 

Are met in festival to celebrate 

The sacred corn; to kindle now anew 

The Busk Fire, that the winds may bear its smoke 

As symbol of the cleansing flame abroad. 

So gathered thus about their gentle queen. 

Fair Florida, they spend the smiling days 

As stations of a dream .... But as a dream 

Will change and merge from one fantastical 



36 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 

Conceit to others more unreal and strange, 
So now upon this peaceful scene appears 
A pageantry as strange as it is real : 

Frances Dickenson Finder. 

PRELUDE 

Part L — Florida and Her Attendants. 

Part n, — The Voices of the Forest. 

Part in. — The Legend of the Florida Moss. 

Florida and Her Attendants the Sea Nymphs, come 
out of the Sea and call the Palms, the Magnolia, the Cy- 
press and the Pine, sj^mbolizing the joy and beauty of 
the Forests. 

The Legend of the Spanish Moss is told thru the 
dance which follows: 

Music — Gondoliere — Nevin. 

Moment Musical — Schubert. 



ody, 



EPISODE I 
Chorus — The Sun Worshippers — an old Indian Mel- 

1512 
Early Indian Days, among the Florida Creeks. 

It is midsummer day prior to the Spring which 
brought Ponce de Leon. An Indian Fire-maker appears 
with sticks to prepare the ceremonial of the New Fire 
which begins the important BUSK or GREEN CORN 
FESTIVAL of the American Indians. This ceremonial, 
somewhat similar to our Thanksgiving, is of a religious 
nature and besides depicting rejoicing for the fruits and 
grain crops, indicates amnesty, forgiveness and absolu- 
tion. New fires are kindled, old raiment discarded and 
new household utensils replace the old ones which are 
thrown on the fire. This ceremony us«d to last four days. 

Care is taken by the Fire-maker to arrange the logs 
cross-wise according to the cardinal points of the com- 
pass. Chief Tuscala now appears, with council, and be- 
gins the ceremonial of sending smoke to the four winds. 
This is followed by the passing of the Black Drink, which 
purifies and strengthens. 

Women gather and perfom their special ceremonies 




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FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 39 

of preparing maize for the feast, and sprinkling it on the 
fire. Braves, maids and squaws continue to arrive and 
form circles within circles. 

The Turkey Dance by the Women is followed by the 
GREEN CORN DANCE in which all participate. The 
corn dance is concluded with distribution of Tobacco to 
the chief and his council. 

Music — War Dance — Belstead. 

Prologue — Early Spanish Days. 

THE FOUNTAIN OF YOUTH 

We hail the name of Ponce de Leon 

First governor of Porto Rico isle ; 

Who, dazzled by events of recent years, 

And wearied by a life of arms and strife, 

Deemed nothing fabulous. Persistently, 

He heard vague rumors of a marv'lous stream 

Of life, but nothing definite. Until 

An Indian of the Carib tribe vouched for 

Their truth, declaring she herself would guide 

Him to the wondrous isle of Bimini, 

Where nature's treasury, with lavish hand, 

Emptied itself, and in profusion lay, 

Where flowers ever blossomed, and the sun 

Ne'er ceased to shine — an earthly paradise. 

And furthermore, she'd find the hidden spring, 
Whose crystal drops a mystic power possessed; 
For all who drank of this life-giving stream, 
Renewed their strength, received eternal youth. 

Brave Ponce de Leon, war veteran, 
Dreamed dreams of continents still farther west, 
Visioned himself with health and youth restored. 
Yet with his wisdom and his affluence, 
Discov'ring lands and peoples now unknown. 

Three caravels were soon equipped, and sailed 

Away, the promised land to seek. At last, 

On Easter morn, a beauteous shore was reached; 

A flowery land, with blossoms everywhere. 

He called it Florida, the land of flowers. 

And claimed possession in the name of Spain. 

'Neath palms, and moss-draped oaks, in silver springs, 



40 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 

The fabled fount he sought — and sought in vain, 

Although the seasoned soldier aged, and died, 

With blighted hopes of everlasting youth. 

We hail de Leon, the discoverer; 

Who earned his share of glory and renown. 

A precedent he set, for countless throngs, 

Finding their health, and strength, renew their youth, 

Beneath the sunny skies of Florida. 

Margaret Garrick Fairlie. 



EPISODE II 

The Discovery of Florida — 1513 

Chorus — From Act III, Lohrengrin — Wagner 

Scene I. — Landing of Ponce de Leon 

1513. A Spring morning in early April on the shore 
about 3 miles north of St. Augustine. A Band of Creek 
Indians gathered together looking out to sea in won- 
der and astonishment at the three ships approaching the 
shore. They watch with growing curiosity and suspicion 
the landing of Ponce de Leon and his men. Some of the 
Indians hide behind trees, others gather in groups, while 
their chief greets Ponce de Leon. He plants the Spanish 
flag and takes possession of the country for the Spanish 
crown. Ponce de Leon is a middle aged man and seems 
anxious and preoccupied and eager to be off on a quest 
more personal than new lands for his sovereign. As 
soon as the ceremony is completed he questions the In- 
dians concerning the location of the Fountain of Youth, 
for it is said that Ponce de Leon has left a young and 
lovely lady in Spain to whom he desires to return in a 
more pleasing form than the one he now presents to us. 
The Indians shake their heads and point out to sea, but 
de Leon evidently assuming that their only desire is to 
be rid of him, pushes by them and disappears with his 
men into the jungle. 

Historical note 

Several years elapse. De Leon having been unsuccessful in 
his search, has returned to Spain and thence comes back to Florida 
with no greater success than heretofore. Whatever tolerance the 
Indians have shown him on his previous voyage, has been exhausted 
and he finds them hostile and vengeful. 




FRANK WIDEMAN— PONCE DE LEON. Woodward. 



FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 43 

Scene II.— 1521 

The Indians again gather in groups but this time it 
is to watch Ponce de Leon, who bears the weight of ten 
additional years, depart, discouraged and dejected from 
the Land of Promise. He has failed in his search. The 
Indians no longer fear him. They approach showing 
hostility, and as he and his men hurry into their boats and 
push off, an Indian takes aim and sends an arrow straight 
at the old man wounding him severely in the thigh. His 
men pick him up and carry him aboard the boat and push 
off amidst a shower of arrows and wild yells from the In- 
dians who even follow the boats into the water. 

The Indians then return to their own preoccupations. 
The women weave fibre mats, the children play Indian 
games, the young braves leave for the hunt. A young 
Indian Maid dances before the chief. The hunters re- 
turn with skins and game. Ponce de Leon and his quest 
are forgotten. 

Music— Old Chant — Brett. 

Dagger Dance from Natoma. 

Prologue — 

Day after day the call of Florida grew with the 

Spaniards. 
Stories of gold and pearls of rare beauty, and fair gleam- 
ing waters. 
Lured their frail ships to cross the waves of the stormy 

Atlantic ; 
Sailed these ships full-freighted with hopes for the glory 
of conquest. 

Led by Narvaez, with Ortiz his friend, came the crowd 
of enthusiasts; 

Far to the west coast their ships found a harbor in Clear- 
water Bay. 

Charmed with the beauty of tree bordered shore and 
mildness of climate, 

Here they landed, determined to seek by conquest a 
country. 

Taking for Spain all the land from the Gulf to the River 
of Palms. 

Cruel by nature, Narvaez ill-treated the Indians, too 
guileless. 



44 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 

Soon to their sorrow Ortiz was captured by chieftain 

Ucita. 
Fires were kindled, a rack placed above for the burning 

of Ortiz. 
Not far away the Indian Princess, with heart stiff with 

terror 
Saw the fell torture of Ortiz the youthful, and touched 

with deep pity, 
Rushed to her father and plead for the Spaniard in tones 

of deep anguish. 
Softened by these, Ucita unbound the youth suffering 

greatly. 

Mother and maiden took him and taught him the In- 
dian language. 
Frightened the maiden for safety of Ortiz, she begged 

him to go 
Where her own lover, Mucoso the brave, dwelt far to the 

east-ward, 
Ortiz a wanderer among a strange people forgot his own 

language. 
Save for the name of "Savilla" his home town in far-away 

Spainland. 
Ten years had passed when de Soto, the brave with vision 

of great wealth. 
Sought the land of Florida famed for gleaming gold 

nuggets. 
Indians he met and fearing their vengeance from wrongs 

done by Spaniards, 
Raised his spear, but "Savilla!" the name of the city in 

Spain 
Checked its flight, while Ortiz the wanderer with heart 

full of joy. 
Rushed to de Soto, and clasping his hands, thanked God 

for deliverance. 

Many a river with black-flowing waters, saw their stern 

hardships. 
Many a forest draped with gray moss, sheltered their 

camp fires. 
Ortiz now died, and de Soto marched westward to lands 

far removed. 

Eleanor Rawson. 




R. L. PULLEN— CHIEF UCITA. 



Woodward. 



FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 47 

THE EXPEDITION OF PAMFILO NARVAEZ — 1528 

EPISODE III 

INTRODUCTORY HISTORICAL NOTE: — It was on another 
spring morning early in April that the second explorer came to Flor- 
ida, landing with three hundred men at St. Clements Point near the 
entrance of Tampa Bay. There he left the ships and with about 
half his company began his march northward towards Apalachee 
Bay. Among the members of his force was Cabeza de Vaca, a well 
known historical character, and a young lad of seventeen name Juan 
Ortiz, of whom we shall hear further. Narvaez was not only cruel 
and selfish, but incompetent as well. He aroused the hatred of the 
Indians wherever he went, by his ingratitude and cruelty and was 
the cause of much of the distrust and deception that were later prac- 
ticed by the Indians on white explorers. Narvaez finally reached 
Apalachicola Bay and after many hardships set sail in rudely con- 
structed boats for the open sea. The boat containing Narveaz was 
never heard from. Four other boats, one containing Cabeza de Vaca 
and another young Juan Ortiz, were driven ashore. The following 
scene takes place shortly after Narvaez' landing at Tampa. 

Music — Sevillan — Festival — Novan. 

Scene 1. — The Meeting of Narvaez and Chief Ucita 

In the Indian village of Hirrihigua a band of Timu- 
quanan Indians are shown in peaceful occupations. Chief 
Ucita sits smoking, the Princess Ulelah, his daughter, is 
nearby. Runners approach in excitement telling the 
news of Narvaez arrival. Narvaez appears with his men, 
Cabeza de Vaca and Juan Ortiz on either side of him, 
the latter as a page or attendant. A small group of In- 
dians go forward to greet them in friendly fashion. Nar- 
vaez immediately observes the gold ornaments they are 
wearing and demands to know where such gold is to be 
found. They reply "Apalachee" and point north. An 
old Indian squaw comes forward, her arms laden with 
gold trinkets. Narvaez demands the trinkets, and on 
h.er refusal, he strikes her down with his sword. Chief 
Ucita rushes forward in fury and explains to Narvaez 
that the woman is his mother. Narvaez shows no regret 
and when Chief Ucita attempts to attack him, he binds 
the Indian and cuts off his nose. Narvaez then calls 
his men together and goes off in the direction indicated 
by the Indians in which gold might be found. Ucita then 
gathers his men about him and makes them all swear 
to show no mercy to the next white men that come to 
their land. 



48 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 

Scene II. — The Revenge of Ucita 

The Indian Princess Ulelah is surrounded by Indian 
Maids to whom she is giving gifts of bright fibre and 
beads. At some distance Chief Ucita is counselling with 
his warriors. A boat appears near the shore with two 
men in it. One of the men is Juan Ortiz. Chief Ucita 
plots with his warriors to entice the men to shore by 
means of a letter which they indicate, to the men in the 
boat, is for them. They explain in pantomine that the 
letter is a message from Narvaez. The men land and 
come forward for the letter. Immediately they are set 
upon. Ortiz' companion attempts to escape and is shot 
down. Ortiz is bound fast to the trellis and a fire started 
beneath him, while the Indians dance a War dance round 
him. At the sound of his cries Princess Ulelah rushes 
to her father and begs that the lad's life be spared. The 
Chief reluctantly consents. Ortiz is taken from the 
trellis more dead than alive. Ulelah dresses his wounds. 
He is then ordered by Chief Ucita to don the garb of an 
Indian and he is tied to a tree. All the Indians depart 
leaving Ortiz a captive. Ulelah then comes stealthily 
back, sets him free and urges him to escape. She gives 
him food and water and starts him on his way. 

Scene III. — 1539 — The Landing of DeSoto 

Several years have elapsed. It is again spring. The 
vicinity is still that of Tampa Bay. A small group of In- 
dian hunters appear. They have settled themselves for 
a nap when they are roused by the sound of a trumpet. 
Presently Ferdinand de Soto appears with cavaliers 
grandees and many gallant men in glittering array of 
burnished armour. There are 1000 fighting men, 350 
horses and 12 priests. The small band of Indians start 
to flee in the face of such a force, but they are captured 
by de Soto's men and are about to be killed when one 
of the Indians rushes to de Soto crying, "Christian, I'm 
a Christian." de Soto is greatly astonished. "I am not 
an Indian but a Spaniard," cried the man. "I am Juan 
Ortiz." De Soto descends from his horse and embraces 
the man. He is showered with gifts and rich clothing 
and de Soto listens to his story with great interest and 
bids him become a member of his party and act as inter- 
preter for him among the Indians. Other Indians then 
appear and Ortiz explains to them that de Soto is his 
friend and will do them no injury. De Soto and his men. 




GARY FORD— THE SPIRIT OF THE RIVER. Ford Studio. 



FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 51 

with Juan Ortiz, depart peacefully on their way north- 
ward. 

Prologue — 

Invocation to The River 

Awake, O River-soul! Awake, to hear 

A suppliant voice, behold appealing hands. 

And feel through inmost secret depths 

Responsive thrill at our insistent call! 

Silent since that day of beginning, when 

The Spirit moved above the face of all 

Dim, brooding waters, find thy voice, and speak! 

Reveal, we implore, the secrets of the past .... 

The drama unfolding, act succeeding act. 

Along thy shores, and in thy hidden coves. 

Thy silver-bright expanse has served, through all 

The years, as mirror, reflecting, crystal-clear. 

The storm and swirl of passion, greed, and hate; 

Dark deeds that spread a slowly widening stain 

Of blood across thy bosom. Again, was limned 

The clear, pure color of peaceful sky and cloud 

Above great hearts in quest of liberty. 

The rich-hued wares of red man, plying his craft. 

Made flecks of color on shade of oak and palm. 

And then came questing sails of white, that bore 

The lilies of France, to find a haven safe 

From bigotry, and bloom before an altar 

Erected in the New World solitudes. 

Thy pitying mirror showed these flowers fair 

Soon crushed beneath the trampling feet of those 

Who bore the flag of Spain ... the yellow of gold, 

The red of blood. And these, in turn, met Fate. 

Once more the flag of France braved unknown seas. 

To fly above the altar of revenge. 

Awake, O River-soul! Awake, and turn 

To us thy mirror! We would see thy past, 

And, seeing, render homage, full and true! 

Martha Race. 

INTERLUDE— II 

Our River 

Have you ever watched the river 
When it looked like diamonds bright; 
Or when the stars are shining 



52 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 

And the moon throws forth its light? 
See how it ripples to and fro 
Every time the breezes blow. 
The ships are flying sails of white 
As you and I would fly a kite. 

By Vida McGriff, aged 10 
The River Spirits 

Music — The River Spirts (Valse Dramatique) — 

Prior 

Up from the river rises the Spirit of the River. To 
the sound of Fairy trumpets she awakens her attendant 
spirits and together they join in their dance of joy. Sud- 
denly trumpets sound again. Frightened they pause — 
Man approaches. In the wild confuson the attendant 
spirits rush off — but, reluctant to surrender at the first 
approach of danger, the Spirit of the River remains, until 
realizing the futility of disputing man's authority she 
returns to her watery home. 

EPISODE IV 
DRAMA OF THE ST. JOHN'S RIVER 

Introductory Historical Note : 

To ^asp the full significance of the tragic scenes that were 
enacted in the vicinity of the St. Johns River it is necessary to recall 
the struggle in France during the reign of Charles IX, to establish 
the Protestant party known as the Huguenots. Admiral Coligny, at 
that time, was the head of the Protestant party in France and it was 
his ambition to found a new empire over the sea which would afford 
a refuge for the Huguenots in case their party was overthrown at 
home. The man Coligny chose to perform this great task, was Jean 
Ribault, an officer of excellent reputation and much experience. Ri- 
bault made his first landing near St. Augustine the last of April 
and sailing northward landed in the mouth of the St. John's River on 
the First of May. He therefore named it the River May and erect>- 
ed a monument near the River's Mouth bearing the arms of the 
King of France. Not satisfied to make final settlement here, he push- 
ed on still farther north till he entered Port Royal Harbor in South 
Carolina where he finally established a fort which he named Charles 
Fort. Satisfied with this beginning, Ribault then returned to France, 
to report to Admiral Coligny and the King. 

Music — Overture from William Tell — Rossini. 
Scene I — 1562 — The Landing of Jean Ribault. 

On a bright May morning a party of Creek Indians 
gather at the mouth of the St. John's River to watch 



FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 53 

the approach of Jean Ribault's expedition. From the 
flagship, "Trinity," Ribault is seen to disembark. As 
he lands with his men he is greeted with friendliness by 
the Indians. Ribault exchanges presents with them. An 
atmosphere of peace and good will is apparent between 
them. Presently Ribault brings a column bearing the 
arms of France and sets it on a mound. He gathers his 
men about him and with heads uncovered they take pos- 
session in the name of France. 

Ribault says: 

"I plant this monument as a symbol of religious 
liberty and take possession of the country in the name 
of France. The river, called by the Indians, "Illaka,"* 
I now name the River May in honor of the month of its 
discovery." 

During this ceremony the Indians, who have helped 
raise the column, stand about in friendly interest. 
Ribault then bids them farewell and departs to establish 
Charles Port farther north. 

Successive Historical Note: — Ribault then returns to France 
with the intention of securing colonists to take back to Charles 
Port, but when he reached home Civil war was raging and the exis- 
tence of Charles Port was almost forgotten. After a truce was made 
between the contending parties Coligny again turned his attention to 
the occupation of Florida and in 1564 sent out Rene Laudonniere, 
who had accompanied Ribault on the first expedition. 

Scene II — 1564 — The Coming of Rene Laudonniere 

It is the latter part of June at the mouth of the St. 
John's River. A band of Creek Indians are smoking the 
Peace Pipe. The Chief Satouriona is describing in re- 
miniscence the visit of his friend, the white chief, Ribault. 
In memory and honor of this visit he rises and with his 
companions takes flowers and fruit and decorates the 
column that Ribault erected. Chief Satouriona goes 
to the river's edge and scans the water in the hope that 
Ribault might return. A runner appears in great ex- 
citement and points towards the open sea. Laudonniere's 
party are approaching the shore. There is great ex- 
citement and rejoicing on the part of the Indians. When 
Laudonniere comes forward Satouriona salutes him with 
the words: "Antipola, benassan," meaning brother, 
friend. At first Satouriona and his warriors seem dis- 



*Note 1 — The name "Illaka," afterwards interpreted "Welaka," 
means "different" and was intended by the Indians to indicate that 
the river flowed north. 



54 JACKSONVILLE C02vIMUNITY SERVICE 

appointed that it is not Ribault that has returned, but 
Laudonniere makes gifts and convinces him of his friend- 
liness and all is well. The Satouriona then presents 
Laudonniere with a great wedge of silver. Laudonniere 
and his men show great excitement at sight of the silver 
and disperse in different directions to search for the 
precious metal. 

Music — March Lorraine — French Folk Song. 

Chorus of School Children — Under direction of 
Mrs. Grace P. Woodman. 

Scene III.— 1564 

The Huguenot Settlement and Building of Fort Caroline 

Laudonniere and his men are seen making final 
selection of the ground to build Fort Caroline. They de- 
cide upon a spot now known as St. Johns Bluif. It is 
covered with a thick, high wood. At break of day on 
the 30th of June, 1564, the trumpets sound and the Hu- 
guenots are called to prayer After prayers 

a chorus is sung. The settlement is established, the fort 
is built and for a time everything seems promising. 

Chorus — ^A Mighty Fortress is our God. 

Historical Note: — It was not long however before famine 
overtook the little group. This was partly due to ignorance of the 
country and partly to their desire to find gold and precious stones. 
If instead they had sought for wild fruit and for the fish with which 
the river abounded, they might have secured a happier fate. They 
were constantly scanning the water for the return of Ribault who 
was to follow them shortly after their departure from France. They 
tried to force the Indians to give up their own provisions, and this 
antagonized them. When they appealed to chief Olata Utina he 
wisely replied: "Hath the great Spirit commanded that the red men 
shall gather food in the proper season that the white man may sleep 
like the drowsy deer in the 'Palmetto Thicket?' " When their condi- 
tion seemed desperate Sir John Hawkins hove in sight and with 
true British good will shared his stores with them and sailed away. 
They still awaited Ribault's promised return with men and provi- 
sions. At last Ribault did arrive, but on the very day he came a- 
shore to reinforce the Huguenots at Fort Caroline, a Spanish fleet 
under Pedro Menendez landed at St. Augustine and took that vicinity 
in the name of Phillip of Spain and the Catholics. It was his inten- 



**Note 2. — Ft. Caroline was named after Charles IX of France, 
then reigning. 

♦**Note 3. — This it will be seen that long prior to the landing of the 
Pilgrim Fathers at Plymouth, Protestent worship was celebrated with- 
in the present limits of Florida. 



FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 55 

tion to establish Spanish Missions in Florida. No sooner does Ribault 
land than he learns of the proximity of Menendez and secure m his 
own strength sets out to give him battle. A terrible storm arises 
as soon as he reaches the open sea and all his boats are finally 
driven ashore or wrecked. 

Scene IV — Menendez Destroys Fort Caroline 

It is immediately after the departure of Ribault. A 
small band of Huguenots are moving restlessly about 
Fort Caroline waiting for news of the victory of Ribault 
over Menendez. Many of the men are weak or ill from 
their long famine period. Presently two Indians appear 
and demand entrance to the fort. They are discovered 
to belong to an enemy tribe and are captured and bound. 
Presently Menendez and his men attack the Village, 
shouting: "Santiago! At them, God with us! Victory! Vic- 
tory!" ... 

There follows great confusion, cries, prayers lor 
mercy. A few make their escape and hide in the ad- 
joining woods. Almost all the rest are killed and the 
fort destroyed. 

Menendez leaves a force of men to guard the Fort 
and marches with the others back to St. Augustine. Mean- 
while he has changed the name of the fort to San Mateo. 
Laudonniere escapes to a boat lying in the river and re- 
turns to France. 

Music — A Spanish Village — From Don Quixote — 

Safrenck. 

Scene V. — 1568 — Revenge of de Gourgues 

Introductory Historical Note: — The name of Dominic de 
Gourgues is associated with one of the most remarkable and drama- 
tic incidents on record. De Gourgues was a man of whom it was 
said that "All his life he had sought to attain honor rather than 
wealth." Many years before Menendez massacred the Huguenots at 
Ft. Caroline, de Gourgues had been captured by the Spaniards 
and condemned to the galleys. He finally made his escape and on 
his return to France learned of the fate of Ribault. This new tale 
of horror stirred against the Spaniards all the hatred of his nature. 
He swore to avenge his countrymen. He sold all of his estate and 
borrowed from his friends to equip his expedition. In August, 1567 
he set sail and soon reached the coast of Florida and entered the 
harbor of Fernandina where the Indians, including Chief Satouriona 
welcomed him as Laudonnierre's friend. These Indians, headed by 
Satouriona, Olocatora and Helicopali, marched to Fort Caroline, 
where they arrived at dawn. 

It is dawn at Fort Caroline. The Spaniards in charge 



56 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 

seem cowed and fearful of attack. The sentinels keep 
scanning the water for enemy vessels. Suddenly, from 
the rear, a cannon shot is heard. The sentinels seem 
panic stricken, running here and there, crying "The 
French have come!" A group of Spaniards rush out of 
the Fort and are quickly surrounded by De Gourgues 
and the Indians who kill them. De Gourgues presses 
on to the Fort with 70 men and many Indians. They 
kill the Spaniards guarding the Fort. The Indians creep- 
ing up on every side, see that none escape. De Gourgues 
comes upon a group of Spaniards surrounded by Indians, 
led by Satouriona. He chooses thirteen men from the 
group, ties their hands and marches them off to be hang- 
ed as Menendez had hanged his countrymen. The Indians 
lead off the rest of the group as captives. 

Music — Indian Campaign — Gordon. 

Successive Historical Note: — While de Gourgues was destroy- 
ing Ft. Caroline, Menendez was in Spain where he had gone to ad- 
vance the cause of establishing missions throughout Florida and the 
surrounding country. He was received with great favor at court, 
but he chafed to return, fearing the reaction of his massacre of 
the French might result in an avenger. He finally secured ten mis- 
sionaries to return with him to Florida who were to engage in the 
propagation of the faith among the Indians. He arrived in Florida 
in 1568, shortly after de Gourgues had wrecked his vengeance upon 
the Spaniards at Fort Caroline. This was a great blow to Menendez 
but did not discourage him from his purpose of continuing the esta- 
blishment of the missions around and in the vicinity of S. Augustine. 
After much strenuous labor he finally left the government of Florida 
and returned to Spain where he occupied a high position at court 
until his death in 1574, which occurred on the eve of his assuming 
command of a gi'and armada of over three hundred vessels. It is sajd 
by some that he ended his own life. 

Prologue — 

THE STORY OF EARLY SETTLEMENT 

Dust are the flags of the nation of Europe that flew 

for a season 
Over the ramparts of forts they erected in Florida's 

wilderness. 
Dust are the flags, but the men who have borne them, 

their romance and hatreds 
History brings back to life from the land where there 

is no tomorrow. 

September 6, 1565 

Philip the Second of Spain had appointed Don Pedro 
Menendez 



FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 57 

Florida's Governor on the conditions the French there 
were ousted. 

Likewise a colony was to be planted, and Indians con- 
quered. 

Sighting the Florida shores on St. Augustine's day in 

his honor 
Named they the beautiful site of the colony which they 

established. 
Famous beforehand it was as the best of the towns of 

the Seloves, 
Indians whom they dispatched quickly. Built was their 

fort and their dwellings 
All by their African slaves. Thus was slavery started 

that finally 
Brought us years later, a nation, to taste of grim Civil 

War's travail. 

May 28, 1586 
Sir Francis Drake on his Flagship "Elizabeth Bonaven- 

tura," 
Which with the "Primrose" and "Tyger," all flying the 

flag of old England 
Fresh from adventures with Spaniards, and proud of 

his booty and conquest 
Sighted St. Augustine, and with his followers landed and 

took it; 
Captured the fort and the cannon together with two 

thousand Sterling; 
Fired the buildings and put to the sword all the Span- 
iards encountered. 

1592 
Came to St. Augustine with some adventurers, twelve 

brave Franciscans 
Hoping that with their superior, Fray Jean de Silva, 

their efforts, 
Under the charge of the Father Manon, St. Helena's 

good warden, 
Would be the means of converting and bringing the 

Christ to the natives. 
Though the adventurers found not their treasure, the 

noble Franciscans 
Found far more wealth in the souls they could rescue 

than every they dreamed of, 
Planted the banner of Peace and its Prince in their wild- 
erness chapels. 

W. H. Cordner. 



58 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 

INTERLUDE II 
Voices of Florida's Springs 

Far-famed are the beautiful, free-flowing springs 
of Florida. These are the names of some: Silver, 
Crystal, Clay, Green Cove, Defuniak and White, Wau- 
kula and De Leon. Lovely are they in their greens and 
blues, with hues of the rainbow encircling every sub- 
merged leaf of fern and moss. 

Music^ — Voices of Spring — Strauss. 

EPISODE V. — 1568 — 1593 

Menendez arrives at St. Augustine from Spain with 
chaplain and ten priests, among whom is a converted 
Indian, who afterwards betrays the priests to the sub- 
sequent violence of the Indians. 

Menendez approaches with numerous banners. 
Trumpets and other martial music is resounding amid sal- 
vos of artillery. The priests, headed by the chapjain 
(Father Segura) carry a cross and chant the hymn "Te 
Ueum Laudemus." Menendez marches up to the cross, 
with his men, and all kiss it. A number of Indians stand- 
ing about, imitate what they see done. 

Menendez finds his garrison demoralized and suf- 
fering from hunger and insufficiency of clothing. 

The priests labor zealously for the conversion of the 
Indians, who apparently respond as long as the daily 
rations of corn and other food are handed out to them 
by the priests, but as soon as the provisions grow short 
the Indians betray their true attitude. They have been 
fired with the lust to kill through their success in the 
massacre of the Spaniards at Ft. Caroline. 

Two Indian villages are established on the outskirts 
of St. Aufgustine, called Tolomato and Topiqui. The 
young Indian chief of Guale collects the Indians from 
these villages and steals upon the missions at midnight, 
dispatching the priests with their hatchets. Thence they 
go on the warpath and destroy the missions where-ever 
they are established in the surrounding country. 

After the Indians depart a party of Spaniards arrive 
and bury the priests with appropriate ceremonies. 

Music — Spanish Hymn — Te Deum Laudemus — Petit 
Bolero — Rovina. 



FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 61 

INTERLUDE IV 
The Path Thru The Forest 
Chorus — Come Gentle Spring — Haydn. 
The Voices of the Forests return. The Flowers, 
Birds and Butterflies unite their beauty and grace with 
those of the Trees, in a dance full of charm. 

Music — Wedding of the Winds — Hall. 

ENGLISH COLONIZATION UNDER GRANT 

FLORIDA RETURNED TO SPAIN 

WORK OF GENERAL JACKSON 

And now on Florida's fruitful land 

Sweet Peace doth reign with beckoning hand. 

Old England's children gather there. 

While England's flag floats high in air, 

Through forests dim where wild birds sing. 

They build a highway for the king, 

And proud ships bear across the sea. 

The wealth of grove and forest tree. 

'Neath fig and vine the people rest. 

And deem themselves supremely blest. 

The bloom of palm tree calls the bee. 

Life giving winds blow from the sea. 

The mockbird from his live oak calls. 

And golden sunlight softly falls, 

Alas! that king or potentate 

This peaceful scene showed desolate, 

Alas! that in a land so bright. 

Royal decrees should bring such blight. 

Florida is ceded back to Spain, 

The Spanish flag goes up again. 

And savage war cries wake the night. 

From peaceful homes men take their flight. 

War mocks at Peace and ever stands 

With cruel eyes and blood stained hands. 

Then Jackson comes superb and brave 

Fair Florida to help and save. 

He meets the tyrants and they flee. 

He plants the flag of Liberty. 

Now, numbered with Columbia's band. 

No foe shall trespass this lair land. 

Elizabeth M. Bogart. 



62 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 

EPISODE VI— 1763— 1783 
The English in Florida 

Intrductory Historical Note: — (During the hostilities be- 
tween Great Bi-itian and Spain, Havana, Cuba fell into the 
hands of the English which isolated St. Augustine from its home 
government and sources of supply. England had long desired to ac- 
quire Florida and the capture of Havana seemed to present a favor- 
able opportunity for the exchange of territory — Havana in exchange 
for Florida. Spain was agreeable and thus the provinces of East 
and West Florida were ceded to Great Britian and Cuba was re- 
stored to Spain. This exchange was most distastful to the Spanish 
population of Florida. 

Scene I — 1763 

This scene takes place at St. Augustine, Florida. 
Governor Jaines Grant with a company of English sol- 
diers arrives and the ceremony of the change in govern- 
ment takes place. The Spaniards draw up opposite 
Grant, salute and exit. Governor Herrera represents 
the Spanish. 

Scene II. — 1764 — 1766 — At St. Augustine 

The English men, women and children take posses- 
sion of Florida and a reception and ball is given for the 
Governor. 

They are all making merry at this dance when a 
runner reaches the village with the news of the Declara- 
tion of Independence. Great disgust is shown by the 
English. Those who sympathize with America's Inde- 
pendence gather in a group by themselves. The Gover- 
nor calls his men and soldiers and marches from the 
scene to martial music. 

A group of Union sympathizers remain and sing, 
"God save the Thirteen States; God save them all." 

EPISODE VII— 1784 

Historical Note: — At a period when the people of Florida 
were looking forward to a long career of peaceful prosperity they 
were suddenly made victims of one of those political set-offs by 
vhich diplomats endeavor to make amends for unsatisfactory 
political divisions. After the American Revolution, the ministry of 
Great Britian was desirous, for obvious reasons, to close a fruitless 
war with Spain. In order to effect this they pretended to believe 
that East and West Florida and the island of Minorca were of little 
value to the crown, since all the other colonies were no longer under 
the British flag. They proposed to recede Florida, including Min- 
orca, to Spain in exchange for the insignificant Bahama Islands. This 
proposal was accepted and evacuation took place three months aftei 
the ratification of the treaty 



FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 65 

Scene I — 1784 
The Fulfillment of The Treaty 

The scene shows a Spanish colony at Pensacola. 

A Spanish governor takes possession with staff and 
company of soldiers and plants the Spanish flag. A Span- 
ish village comes into being, men, women, peasants, la- 
dies and gentlemen of quality, flower and fruit vendors, 
minstrels, etc. 

A festival is held for the governor where Spanish 
dances are shown. Indians, especially Creeks, are in 
groups here and there. One group has in it the chief 
of the Creeks at that time — Alexander McGillvray. 

Music — 

Bolero - Moskowski 

La Paloma — Spanish Waltz Moskowski 

Successive Historical Note: — For 37 years following the re- 
cession of Florida the country was in a state of turmoil. Spain, 
England and the United States, being the actors in the drama, agreed 
or disagreed according to their humor, and, throughout, the Indians, 
Creeks, Miccosukees, Seminoles, banded together to destroy che 
settlers, sometimes under the direction and with the connivance of 
adventurous men of the various governments specified. This sort of 
thing kept up, without much profit to any government involved until 
finally in 1819 when a treaty of peace consisting of sixteen articles 
was concluded between Spain and the United States which ceded 
the Floridas (East and West) to the United States. The treaty was 
finally ratified in 1821, the change of flags taking place in East 
Florida at St. Augustine on July 10, 1821 and at Pensacola, in 
West Florida, on the 21st of July of the same year. 

The following ceremony takes place at Pensacola. 

Prologue — The Change of Flags. 

The proud ensign of Spain proclaimed to all 

The world that Bimini at last was found. 

And it belonged to Spain. But fighting France 

Fought for the land of everlasting Youth. 

And fighting planted many a standard there. 

Then mighty England threw her gauntlet down 

And took her place. The proud ensign of Spain 

Arose again to fall again before 

The Stars and Stripes of these United States, 

The Flag supplanting all the other flags, 

The Flag that claimed its own, once and forever! 

Max. G. Sabel. 



66 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 

EPISODE VIII 

Note: — This scene is a review of all the flags that have 
Avaved over Florida. 

Scene I — 1821 — Change of Flags 

At Pensacola, 21st of July, 1821. 

An old Indian Chief (McGillivray) enters, blows a 
conch shell and a group of Seminole braves respond. 

English, Spanish and French groups assemble to 
martial music from different entrances. They take sta- 
tions in the background. Each group carries the flag of 
of its own country. From the Flag-pole floats the Spanish 
flag. To the music of the Spanish National Hymn Span- 
ish soldiers march up front stage and form outside square. 

Then the French march up — to the Marseillaise — 
and form a second side to the square. 

Then the British march forward — to Rule Britannia 
— and form third side of square. 

To the music of Yankee Doodle the American troops 
march forward. The Spanish flag is lowered and the 
Stars and Strips raised as the Star Spangled Banner is 
sung. 

Governor Callava represents Spanish and Gen. Jack- 
son the United States Government. 

Prologue — The Pioneers. 

Intrepid sons of hardihood they came 

In search of gold, adventures and wide fame. 

The pioneers, the devotees of Chance, 

The dauntless lovers of Madame Romance. . . . 

From France and Italy, Spain and Smyrna, Greece 

And England, questing for another Fleece, 

And from Minorca, to plant row on row 

Of vines and figs and precious indigo. 

Max G. Sabel. 

Scene II — Early Settlement 

Note: — This scene is a review of all the flags that have 
vaved over Florida. 

It is some time after the exchange of flags. Florida 
has again been thrown open to settlement — this time 
to Americans. 

Groups of Seminole Indians, who seem contented 
and happy, meet with traders. 



FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 69 

Period follows of the early settlement of Jackson- 
ville with descendents of early pioneers. 

Settlers begin to arrive in covered wagons pulled by 
oxen ; others come on horse back and on foot. A preacher 
appears. Games are played by the children, men prepare 
for hunting trips, etc. 

Finally a young man and woman appear and in- 
quire for a preacher. He steps forward. All gather for 
wedding ceremony. 

After ceremony they form sets for old square dance. 

In the midst of the dance a runner appears with the 
news of disturbances among the Indians. There is a 
conference among the Pioneers. Indians creep up and 
show a sullen spirit. There is great excitement. 

Music — 

Flag of our Country — Pearce. 

Wedding March — Wagner 

When you and I were Young, Maggie. 

Arkansas Traveler. 

Florida My Florida. — Kerrison. 

Treaty of Camp Moultrie 

With folded arms in a dim line they stood, 
Severely patient children of the wood, 
While, Duval, the white man's Governor 
Took land away from them and gave them law. 
They listened while he promised beef and salt, 
They gave no sign of finding any fault; 
He promised silver, many, many pounds, 
And south of Micanopy, hunting grounds 
But one among them, Enemathla, heard 
And mated silent threats with every word. 

Max G. Sabel. 
Scene III — 1822 — Treaty of Fort Moultrie 

Introductory Historical Note: — During the period that Wni. 
P. Duval was governor of Florida, in 1822, he negotiated a treaty 
with the Indians at Ft. Moultrie, about five miles south of St. Au- 
gustine. 

The scene opens with Governor Duval, James Gads- 
den and Bernardo Segui, as Commissioners, negotiating 
the treaty with Miccosukee and Seminole Indians. 

After signing the treaty the Governor and associates 
move up the field, and the Indians, after a short peace 
ceremonial, move to the back field. 



70 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 

Music — America. 

Music — Coronation March — Meyerbeer. 

Florida the land of Sunshine, the land of Fruits and 
Flowers, will show in symbolism its gifts and the dis- 
tribution of these to the world. 

A procession of boats will pass during this scene. 

Chorus — Hail Bright Abode, From Taunhauser — 
Wagner. 

Ensemble of Interludes. 

INTERLUDE V 

Florida's Gift to The World 

Prologue — To Florida and Her Future Statehood. 

By silver gleamings of a star 

That shed its light on the way-worn trail 

And guided you afar, 

You fought your way through 

Valleys tenanted with strife ; 

Felt anew passion's swift desire 

Rush thru your heart like raging fire, 

Burning the bitterness from life. 

Out from the flame that purifies 

You came, 

The spirit of a new resolve impressed 

Upon your heart; 

With eyes that look no longer to the West, 

Came unafraid into the Union's fold .... 

Not as a servile slave. 

But to be One In One, but to go Side By Side; 

Seeing beyond the sordid things of earth. 

The glory of your statehood's birth, 

With eyes so heaven-lit with pride! 

Kenneth K. West. 

Ensemble — Vision of Those Who Made the Early 
History. 

Music — Dixie — Suwannee River. 

Epilogue 

And so the tale draws to a close you say? 
Not so; 'tis but a legend just begun. 



FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 71 

Your province now to gather up the thread 
Fair Florida consigns to your high care 
To weave for those who shall come after you. 
How fair a trust ! No heart but thrills to feel 

Her destiny a part of his to know 

The measure of his effort as the guage 

Assessing her achievement with his own, 

To realize that her fair fame is his 

To keep untarnished — ^that no blot or stain 

Upon his shield but fouls her own as well . . . 

So fair a faith ! That asks no guaranty 

For what is hers by due, but rests on love — 

A love that gives to each the uttermost 

Of all she has, serene that in each gift 

The law of giving is divinely kept; 

Secure, that to your covenant with her. 

Sealed by the oath that binds her sisterhood 

Of States in one illustrious empire. 

You will be true, that so our glorious past 

May pledge our future to one noble end ! 

By Frances Dickenson Finder. 

Recessional — America the Beautiful. 



72 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 

LEGENDS OF FLORIDA 

The Florida Moss. 

The Coming of the Cherokee Rose. 

Legend of the Mocking Bird. 

The Fountain. 

The Legend of The Suwanee. 

LEGEND OF THE FLORIDA MOSS 

As told by Mrs. E. M. Bogart and written by Mrs. 
Linwood Jeffreys 

The weird and fantastic effect made by the gray 
moss hanging from our Florida trees is in itself sugges- 
tive of song and story. It savors of romance and tradi- 
tion. 

There were priests who came to the shores of Flor- 
ida in the early days of Spanish discovery. As they looked 
on vistas of moss-landen trees, possibly they were remind- 
ed of Gothic aisles in their own cathedrals. Surely if a 
Florida sunset was in its glory above the scene they rea- 
lized that no stained glass window ever had rarer colors. 
If you have ever seen the pink-bud tree in bloom and 
laden with slender streamers of this moss you will think 
of it in a more lyric vein. It seems a delicate and fragile 
thing, fit to inspire a theme for a woodland sketch by 
McDowell. 

In the realm of folk-lore there is a hitherto unpub- 
lished legend which was told to a little Florida girl many 
years ago by her old Southern mammy. This old mammy 
was half Indian, which probably accounts for her know- 
ledge of the legend. Certainly the story has the childlike 
simplicity so characteristic of Indian folklore and just 
a bit of the quaint drollery of the old time negro. 

Ages before any white man ever touched these 
shores, so the legend begins, the gentle South Wind held 
complete dominion over all this fair land of Florida. Her 
many subjects went here, there and everywhere to do 
her bidding. Zephyr, Whispering Wind, Balmy Breeze, 
and Wafted Fragance were four of her helpers, but there 
were scores of others just as loyal. 

In an old ballad we are told that spring would be 
but gloomy weather if we had nothing else but spring, 
and that was just the trouble with the days and nights 
the South Wind dispensed to her kingdom. It needed 
an occasional cool snap to give character to the climate, 



FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 73 

at least, so thought the Father of the Winds. Accord- 
ingly, he dispatched the North Wind to advise the South- 
ern soveriegn that he would rule for three months in her 
place over the land of flowers. Very loath to submit 
was the South Wind, for she loved her marshes and palms 
and vari-colored flowers. 

"Oh, Great Spirit," she pleaded, "Do not deny me 
Ihe sight of my beautiful kindgom, even for a short time. 
I cannot bear to see my trees and flowers touched by 
northern blasts. I pray thee for mercy. My land is so 
beautiful and I love to keep it so." 

The Great Spirit was touched by her profound and 
intense love for her native land. 

"Gentle South Wind," she was told, "You need 
sleep only short intervals during the North Wind's reign." 

"But, what of my subjects?" asked the South Wind 
as she looked across the river on whose banks she held 
court. 

In the sky above the water hung hundreds of tiny 
gray clouds, very fleece-like and lacy in appearance. 

"Never fear, gentle one," said the Great Spirit, "Yon 
tiny gray clouds shall enfold your faithful spirits until you 
need them." 

■Whiff! — The little gray clouds fairly danced down 
from the sky in an ecstacy of service. Here, there and 
everywhere they scampered in search of Zephyr, Whis- 
pering Wind, Balmy Breeze, Wafted Fragrance, and 
scores of others. Now the little wind spirits had taken 
refuge in their favorite tree tops and there the gray clouds 
found them. 

Snug and close about the spirits the little clouds 
wrapped their dainty grayness. All through branches 
of the trees you could see these gray-clad wind sprites, 
securely sleeping. 

When the North Wind began to rule the land, he no- 
ticed the small gray clouds among the trees. It was just 
about the time for icicles. 

"Oh," thought the North Wind, "I can't hang icicles 
on these trees. Icicles would spoil the eflfect. Those gray 
things hung like icicles would be very becoming to the 
landscape, and I have such a short and interrupted reign 
anyway." 

So, the little gray clouds were hung gracefully from 
the branches, very much after the fashion of icicles. 

Now, of course, when the South Wind awoke the 
first time, she immediately summoned her spirits. Balmy 



74 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 

Breeze, Zephyr, Whispering Wind, Wafted Fragrance, 
and all the rest. They slipped gently out of their gray 
cloaks and left them hanging from the trees. 

The North Wind, himself, was so in love with the 
land as he found it, that even his cold and hardened heart 
began to warm just a little. Stern and cruel monarch 
that he was, he did practically no damage to the flowers 
and trees. Then the little gray garments of the Southern 
Wind-spirits began to be a permanent addition to the 
crees, for they turned into moss. Even until this very day, 
through winter, summer, spring and fall, are the Florida 
trees hung with streamers of gray moss. 

The Coming of the Cherokee Rose 

Nay, my child, this waxen blossom, 
Lovely Rose of Cherokee, 
Did not send its first wild tendrils 
Shooting o'er the Florida lea. 
Tell me. Grandpa, which fair forest 
Is the birthplace of the rose 
That in graceful, perfumed riot 
Here on hedge and fencing grows; 
Climbs the wildcat-haunted hammock 
Where the Indian River glides. 
And Il-la-ka laughing ripples 
In fantastic, upward tides; 
Wreathes the banks of Ock-la-wa-ha, 
Carpets Tall-a-ha-see clay 
And on With-la-coo-chee's borders 
Share the waterlilies' sway; 
Showers leaves and snowy petals 
In the sun-spots and the shades. 
Where the Florida woods are deepest, 
'Cho-bee to the Everglades. 

Child, the story of the flower. 
Swaying now among the trees. 
Is the story of Ya-la-ha, 
Maiden of the Cher-o-kees. 

She, an aged chieftain's daughter, 
Georgia's proudest Indian belle. 
Loved a hated Seminole, 
Loved him ere he sinned and fell. 
No young brave was fleeter, greater. 
In the hunt or in the fray, 



FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 75 

Than the son of Chief See-Cof-Fee, 
Rebel now, and runaway. 

Yet the sinning of Lu-co-see 
Was not from his savage soul; 
Was but filial love and duty, 
But the making of the goal 
Long designed by old See-cof-fee, 
Who had roamed and hunted far. 
And knew every fragrant tangle 
In the woods called Florida 
And had ever, while he marveled 
That such forest, lake and strand 
Had so long remained unpeopled. 
Vowed possession of the land. 
Plotted he the fierce rebellion, 
And — a peninsula for bribe 
Now the quick, complete, secession 
Of the Flowers of the tribe. 
Lovers left behind their maidens. 
For the lowest Cher-o-kee, 
Felt it shame should Seminole 
Wed beneath his te-pee tree. 

Yet the mourning of Ya-la-ha 
Held a hidden, joyous stave 
Had she not a secret solace 
In the promise of her brave? 

Never shall another's te-pee 

While my heart is beating fast. 

Lend your head a moment's shelter, 

Give you arrow-won repast. 

But my father's ten-ten triumphs. 

By the sun that I adore; 

By Che-no-pa and Wauchee-pee, 

By our sacred, chanted lore; 

By my manhood's scalp locked girdle. 

By tomahawk's keen edge; 

By this band of hammered silver. 

Of my prowess highest pledge; 

By your dark eyes starry welcome. 

By those dear lips, coral hued, 

Is there ought my vow to strengthen? 

By my love, now blood imbued ; 

I will come tomorrow's midnight, 



76 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 

With the Mock bird's latest trills, 
On the swiftest prairie pony 
Bear you safe beyond the hills. 

SoYa-la-ha, in the darkness 
Waited by the sweetgum tree, 
Till the sad, oppressive silence 
Echoed to the mock-bird's glee. 
Softly stole around her shoulder, 
Arm that owned a double art: 
Fettered closer still the women, 
Touched with pain the daughter heart 
Now she went with timid footsteps, 
Now turn backw^ard to the glade — 
God forgive you, young Lu-co-see, 
If you cherish not the maid ! 

Love, the king, soon subtly conquered, 

But Ya-la-ha, ere she rode. 

Gathered roses in the pathway. 

On the air their sweetness strowed; 

Nursed them on the hurried journey 

To the far A-lach-u-ah 

Planted them around her tee-pee. 

Underneath a friendly star 

And from them, on loved Su-wa-nee, 

Ran the Rose of Cherokee, 

Over all the Florida Mainland, 

Leon to the Kiss-im-mee. 

Mrs. M. E. Drew. 



FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 77 



LEGEND OF THE MOCKING BIRD 

In Florida long, long ago, there lived 

A dainty modest bird with plumage gray. 

Strange to relate, this bird was almost mute, 

He could not sing a note. In early spring 

A feeble chirp he gave, but that was all. 

No one knew why he was afflicted thus. 

No crime could such a bird commit, for kind 

And gentle were his ways. His friends declared 

He neither tried to warble or to trill. 

Determined effort and the will to sing 

Was all that was required, they said. Ashamed, 

And sad, that one bird did not voice the joy 

That sought expression in a burst of song ; 

They called a conference among the birds. 

A plan was formed, each one was given a night 
In which to teach the tuneless one to sing. 
With kindly heart, at evening time, there came 
Unto the wee gray bird, a feathered friend, 
Who o'er and o'er trilled out a sweet refrain. 
The bird drank in the music sweet. His heart 
With joy grew light, new inspirations came. 
Love, life and happiness surged like a flood 
Of light into his heart. He too must sing! 
Which song to choose of all that he had heard. 
Was now the problem he alone must solve. 
For all were beautiful, each one expressed 
The wonderous love he felt. He could not choose. 
The night crept on — beneath the southern moon 
The bird was overpowered by his desire. 
He sang them all — yes, every single one. 
The melodies sublime burst from his heart. 
The mocking bird was master of the art. 

Margaret Carrick Fairlie. 



78 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 

A LEGEND OF THE SUWANEE 

Is there a Floridian whom the mention of the Suwa- 
nee does not thrill? 

Legends? Yes, many. I wonder how many recall 
the one about the Spirit Guard of the Suwanee Bathing 
Fool, of the Seminoles? Found by few travellers and un- 
der only certain conditions; it is well worth a trip, in- 
spired by the hope of reaching the banks of the river un- 
der these conditions. Some years since, going to a dis- 
tant state by auto, the writer, with a party of travelers, 
encamped on a spot overlooking the river. The grand 
old water oaks, with their drapery of moss, the stars, 
with their peculiar Florida nearness and the Moon just 
beginning to cast weird shadows on our camping site, 
brought the age-old legend to mind. I had become fa- 
miliar with some Indian words and their musical rhythm 
seemed ringing in my ears. The quiet loneliness of the 
forest and the cooing of the birds to their mates, with the 
sweet notes of the mocking bird, had lulled to sleep my 
fellow travelers, but I was looking here and there through 
the nearby forest trees, with, strange as it may seem, no 
fear of coocheles (bears) ; I listened for the timid step of 
the Echos (deer). Ah! there near my cot was a distinct 
outline of an Indian Form. Dreaming? No!! My fully 

awake senses caught the sound Woolisee Woo — lis 

se We wah (near water) as if a 

zephyr from the river had borne it towards me. The 
echo, faint, but distinct, came from the nearby shore — 

We W a h. Impatiently waiting for the 

first dawn of day, I arose and cautiously avoiding the 
narrow path, I glided in and out among the lower 
branches of the great oaks leading in the direction of the 
echo. I saw on the water's edge a tall stone sentinel; 
creeping between this rock and the boulders on my left 
I almost stepped into the Spirit Guarded Pool. Stones of 
centuries and moss of ages surrounded the place. Slipping 
from rock to rock, I took my morning bath just as did the 
Seminoles of that beautiful spot. As the rising sun gilded 
the outlet of the pool into the sparkling waters of the 
Suwanee, I came up from my Indian plunge, wondering 
how many spirits of the happy hunting grounds were 
around me. 

Any traveller passing through Live Oak may be dir- 
ected to this camping ground, but the Indian Spirit Guard 
must direct him to the pool and the conditions must be 
according to the legend. Mrs. C. V. Waugh. 



An Outline of 



Florida's Early Histor}? 




First Seal of Florida. 



Prepared Under ^\e Direction of 

HLe Florida Historical Pageant Associatiori 

of ^e 
]acksonA)ilie Communibi) Ser^)ice 

By 
nrhe History Committee 



Columnam a Prjtfcao pnma na\ igat'c^nclocatam 
venerantur Floridcnics. 



viii: 





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RIBAULT'S COLUMN 
(Erected on south side of St. Johns river near its mouth) 



FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 81 



Florida 



[a 

BEFORE THE DAWN OF THE WHITE MAN 

From the most authentic reports it is evident that 
the natives of Florida in pre-Columbian times were 
divided into a number of tribes, each governed by a dif- 
ferent chief. They did not live in harmony with one 
another and were often engaged in tribal warfare, the 
Apalachees of West Florida being especially warlike in 
character. These Florida tribes were not the Seminoles 
of a later period, and have long since become extinct. 

The ceremonials of these early Indians comprised 
the Busk Ceremony, frequently called the "Green Corn 
Ceremony," lasting four or eight days with a definite 
ritual for each day. It was a harvest festival and cele- 
bration, and included ceremonials of penitence as well 
as protection from crime and injury. Their war cere- 
monies and celebrations of victory were somewhat on 
the order of the old Creek ceremonies and doubtless 
descended from the same source. 

A head-man or chief is described as wearing his hair 
drawn to a peak at the top of his head, from which droops 
the tail of a raccoon or a fox. Deer-hoof rattles dangle 
from his loin cloth and suspended from his neck is a 
large disc six inches in diameter. Several similar discs, 
strung on buskskin, are worn above his knees and elbows, 
while the lobes of his ears, which have been pierced, are 
adorned with green stone ornaments. 

Both men and women painted their bodies in gro- 
tesque fashion. Ornaments of shell were worn by both 
sexes. Their costumes were very scanty, being scarce- 
ly more than a loin cloth of buckskin for the men and 
a light buckskin fringe for the women. — (Bullentin 30, 
Bureau of Am. Ethnology). 

Such were the people who gathered at the seashore 
a short distance north of St. Augustine on that day in 
the spring of 1513, watching with amazement the 
approach of three objects, the like of which they had 
never seen before. It was Ponce de Leon and the coming 
of the first white men to the shores of Florida. 



82 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 

EARLY EXPLORATIONS BY THE SPANISH 

By T. Frederick Davis 

Juan Ponce de Leon* 

Born about 1460, Aragon Spain 
Died 1521, Isle de Cuba 

The ancestry and early life of Ponce de Leon are 
more or less shrouded in obscurity. In his boyhood, he 
served as page to a man of distinction. While yet a 
youth, he entered the military service of Spain, and he 
emerged from the Moorish conquest a veteran seasoned 
in the arts of M^ar. 

The accounts of the marvelous country discovered 
by Columbus in the West fanned into flame Ponce de 
Leon's desire for new adventures, and he eagerly availed 
himself of the opportunity to ship with Columbus on the 
latter's second voyage to the West Indies. 

Upon his arrival in the islands, Juan Ponce quickly 
gained recognition as a result of his successes against 
the warlike natives. From time to time he was appointed 
to commands of varying importance. Ever seeking new 
fields for adventure, however, he undertook the conquest 
of the island of Porto Rico and was finally appointed 
governor of that island. 

Opposition to Ponce de Leon now developed in the 
claim that his commission as governor of Porto Rico 
conflicted with the interest of others of greater influence 
at the court of Spain. Policy required his removal and 
he was displaced. After being relieved of this command 
he was still for a while in the island. His proud spirit 
was hurt, but not destroyed. He had accumulated some 
wealth and with this he decided to equip three vessels 
and go in search of the land to the north, that according 
to report abounded in gold and all manner of delights; 
and above all, possessed a river of such virtue that who- 
ever bathed in it would be restored to everlasting youth. 
Some of the native Indians declared also that in an island 
toward the north, called Bimini, there was a fountain 
possessing the same qualities. They claimed that a num- 
ber of their people had gone years before to look for 
these wonderful springs and had never returned, there- 
fore they must surely have found the object of their 
search. 



"Irving's "Voyages of Companions of Columbus" and other histories. 



fU 







•.••/\5 



\4i 












C-^ -V- rvv' 



84 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 

This brave cavalier had no difficulty in finding ad- 
venturers ready to cruise with him, and early in March, 
1513, he left the shores of Porto Rico in quest of the 
fairy land. Sailing westward, he then turned toward 
the north and soon reached the Bahama Islands. He 
cruised among them and everywhere made inquiry for 
Bimini, but in vain. Being convinced that the youth-re- 
storing waters were not here, he shaped his course north- 
westward. 

Discovery of Florida 

On Sunday, the 27th of March, 1513, the Spaniards 
came in sight of, as they supposed, an island, but could 
not land on account of stormy weather. For nearly a 
week they hovered off the coast, and in the night of the 
2nd of April, they came in and anchored near the shore, 
in latitude 30 degrees and 8 minutes. 

Ponce de Leon landed with his principal officers, 
planted a cross, and threw the royal banner of Spain to 
the breeze. Gathered around the cross they all swore 
allegiance to the crown, and proclaimed possession of 
the country in the name of the Spanish sovereigns. Ponce 
de Leon named the land Florida (Pascua Florida-Flowery 
Easter) , because he had first seen it on Easter Sunday. 
Everything was fresh in the bloom of spring. He thought 
that this must surely be the enchanted land. 

The natives called the country "Cautio." They 
proved to be savage and warlike and Ponce de Leon 
could gain from them no information that would lead him 
to the wonders he was seeking. They gave him but one 
invitation — that to leave the country. He met with 
resolute hostility from the natives whenever he attempted 
to explore the region away from the coast. Boarding his 
vessels, he turned southward, touching here and there 
along the coast. Every where it was the same story — 
resistance by the Indians ; no trace of the precious metals ; 
nothing of the fountain of perpetual youth! Disheartened 
by the perils and trials that had beset him, he gave up 
the quest and returned to Porto Rico, "infinitely poorer 
in purse and wrinkled in brow by this cruise after in- 
exhaustible riches and perpetual youth." 

Although he failed to find the fairy fountain. Ponce 
de Leon gave to the world a discovery that has ever 
since held attention in song and story as the land of 
enchantment. Fortunately, there has been no attempt to 
take away from him the credit of standing first in Flor- 
ida's history. 



FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 85 

Juan Ponce soon sailed for Spain, to report his dis- 
covery to the Spanish court. He was received graciously, 
returning to the West Indies v^ith the title of Governor 
of Bimini and Florida. He did not immediately avail 
himself of the new office, being detained several years 
in the islands in an attempt to put down uprisings of the 
natives. His efforts were not marked with complete suc- 
cess, however, and he became unpopular and dissatis- 
fied. He now began preparations for another expedition 
to Terra Florida, sinking what was left of his fortune 
in equipping two vessels for the enterprise. 

All was ready in March, 1521. After a toilsome 
voyage a landing was made on the lower Gulf coast, in 
Ponce de Leon Bay. The Indians appeared and a battle 
ensued, during which Ponce de Leon himself was wound- 
ed by an arrow in the thigh. He was carried on board 
his ship and finding himself grievously wounded, he set 
sail for Cuba, where he arrived ill in body and dejected in 
heart. His death occured soon afterward. Thus the 
search of the old cavalier for perpetual youth had the 
effect of hastening his death. 

During the interval between the two voyages of 
Ponce de Leon, one Diego Miruelo, a pilot from Cuba, 
and Fernando de Cordova, each visited the Florida coast 
for a very short time. Following Ponce de Leon's de- 
parture in 1521, seven years passed before another at- 
tempt was made to explore the Florida peninsula. Then 
came the expedition under Narvaez. 

Panfilo de Narvaez* 

Born 1470 Valladolid, Spain 
Drowned 1528, off mouth of Mississippi river 

When a young man, Narvaez went to South America, 
serving under several adventurers; thence to Jamaica, 
and later to Cuba, where he assisted in the subjugation 
of that island. He commanded the expedition sent by the 
governor of Cuba to overthrow Cortez in Mexico, but 
was defeated and taken prisoner. After several month's 
imprisonment he was released and returned to Spain, 
where he published the belief that by crossing over to 
Florida from Cuba it would be possible to reach Mexico 
by land by a march of a few hundred leagues. The 
Spanish king thereupon bestowed on him the appoint- 

♦Frorn the narrative of Cabeza de Vaca, printed at Valladolid in 
1555 and re-printed by H. Ternaux-Compans, Paris, 1837. 



86 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 

ment of governor of Florida, with permission to make 
the attempt. 

The expedition of Narvaez left Spain in June, 1527; 
refitted in the West Indies, and reached the Florida 
coast just north of Tampa Bay on Good Friday of the 
following year (1528). Here Narvaez landed, unfurled 
the royal standard of Spain, and took possession of the 
country in the name of the King. He disembarked 300 
men, several priests, and 42 horses. On the following day 
the Indians came to see them, and soon indicated by 
signs that they wished the Spaniards to leave the country. 

Narvaez did not at once begin his long march north- 
ward, but first made several short excursions toward the 
interior with a part of his force. He subjected the na- 
tives to unnecessary cruelties and treated their sacred 
rites with wanton contempt. Thus at the start, he 
incurred the vicious enmity of the Indians. 

The governor now decided that the vessels should 
follow the coast, while the troops should proceed on land 
in the same direction. On May 1st, the Spaniards began 
their march toward Apalachee, which they had been told 
was a rich country, with plenty of gold. Each man car- 
ried a ration of two pounds of biscuit and half a pound 
of meat, the intention being to derive their subsistence 
from the natives along the way. They marched fifteen 
days without seeing an Indian or a habitation of any 
kind, and were on the verge of starvation when they 
came to a neighborhood where there was a large quan- 
tity of maize. They rested here several days with a 
tribe that expressed friendship when it became known 
that Narvaez was on his way to the country of their ene- 
mies, the Apalachees. 

The Spaniards resumed the march, and after a fa- 
tiguing journey, during which they suffered much from 
hunger, they at length arrived near the village of Apala- 
chee. The governor ordered Cabaza de Vaca with a 
body of foot soldiers to go into the town. They found only 
women and children, but a little while afterward the 
warriors arrived and asked for their people, who were 
given up to them. The next day the Indians began hos- 
tilities, which continued throughout the twenty-five days 
that the Spaniards occupied the town. 

Learning that the sea was not far away toward the 
south, Narvaez left the village of Apalachee and march- 
ed in that direction, expecting to gain some tidings of 
his vessels. In nine days he came to the coast, near the 
head of Apalachicola Bay, but the vessels were nowhere 



FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 87 

to be seen. He was sick; so also were a third of his men. 
Forty had already died of disease and hunger and twen- 
ty had been killed by the Indians. He called his officers 
together in council. They decided to build boats and 
make the attempt to reach Mexico by sea. 

Desperate in their desire to leave this inhospitable 
land, these men set about the task with super-human 
zeal. Some cut timber and hewed it into shape, while 
others gathered palmetto fibre for the caulking. The 
smith forged the necessary iron from swords, arms and 
equipment. They made sails of their shirts. In little 
more than six weeks five boats were made ready and in 
these crude craft the army of Narvaez now numbering 
240 men, embarked on September 22, 1528, upon the 
perilous voyage to Mexico. 

All five of these boats met with disaster. That 
containing Narvaez was driven out to sea by a storm and 
its occupants were never heard of again. The others 
were wrecked along the coast of Louisiana. Only four 
survivors ever reached civilization again — Cabeza de 
Vaca, two other Spaniards, and a Moorish negro. After 
living a number of years with the Indians, these four men 
finally found their way to the Spanish settlements in 
Mexico. Cabeza de Vaca returned to Spain and wrote the 
narrative of the expedition, and on it the foregoing ac- 
count is based. 

There is strong evidence that Narvaez saw the 
mouth of the Mississippi river, and Cabeza de Vaca cer- 
tainly did, twelve years before the discovery claimed 
by De Soto. 

Of the vessels of Narvaez's expedition, two cruised 
around the Gulf for about a year and eventually reached 
Mexico. The others returned to Cuba. One of them 
was sent back from Cuba to search for Narvaez, and on 
this vessel was Ortiz, whose romantic career may be 
properly included here. 

Juan Ortiz* 

The brigantine sent from Cuba by the wife of Nar- 
vaez in quest of her husband arrived upon the coast in 
the vicinity where Narvaez had landed. The Indians 
appeared and pretended to have a letter from Narvaez 
and made signs for the Spaniards to come for it. Juan 
Ortiz, a youth of eighteen, and a companion volunteered 
to go, but in opposition to the advice of the other people 



♦History of William Roberts, London, 1763. 




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FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 89 

on board. They took a boat and went on shore. The In- 
dians immediately surrounded them, killed the compan- 
ion of Ortiz, because he offered resistance, and carried 
Ortiz off to their chief, called Ucita, none on board dar- 
ing to land to give him aid. 

The Indian chief sentenced Ortiz to be burned alive, 
which surely would have been his fate, but for a sudden 
emotion of pity that touched the heart of Ucita's daugh- 
ter, who prevailed upon her father to spare his life. Or- 
tiz was then set to guard the burial place from the wild 
beasts that sometimes came to carry off the bodies that 
were laid there. It happened that one night these ani- 
mals seized the body of the son of a prominent Indian, 
but Ortiz had the good fortune to kill one of them and 
recover the body. After this, Ucita beg'an to treat him 
more kindly for a while. Three years passed, when an 
Indian chief named Mucoso attacked Ucita, destroyed 
his village, and forced him to flee to the seashore. 

These wild people had a custom of making human 
sacrifices to the evil spirits, whom they supposed would 
be so well pleased with the offering that they would not 
molest them. Ucita now destined Ortiz to this fate; but 
the same girl that saved him from the fire, counselled 
him to flee to Mucoso (the enemy of Ucita), who, she 
said, would treat him kindly. As he was unacquainted 
with the way, she started him in the right direction her- 
self. 

Ortiz reached the dominion of Mucoso safely; but 
being unable to speak the language of this tribe, some 
Indians that he met were on the verge of killing him, 
when, providentially, one came up who understood him 
and his life was spared. He was then taken to Mucoso, 
who received him cordially, and promised that if any 
Christians should arrive in that country, he would give 
him leave to join them. 

Ortiz remained with Muscoso's tribe nearly nine 
years, and had long despaired of ever seeing another 
European again, when one day he was told that Chris- 
tians had made a descent at the town of Ucita and that 
he was at liberty to go and join them; that if he did not, 
he must blame himself alone when the Christians were 
gone as the promise made to him had been performed. 
He thanked the chief in the most grateful terms, and 
with guides furnished by Mucoso, set out to find the 
Europeans. 

It was De Soto's expedition. Ortiz and the little 
band of friendly Indians that came to escort him, met a 



90 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 

foraging party of De Soto's army. They were attacked 
by the Spaniards; one was wounded, and a horseman 
was running at Ortiz with his lance, when he cried out 
that he was a Christian. He and those with him were 
taken on the horses of the cavaliers and carried to camp. 
He was naked and painted like the Indians. The gen- 
eral presented him with clothes, arms, and a good horse. 
Ortiz went with De Soto as interpreter. He was 
with the army throughout its march to the Mississippi. 
His death occurred shortly before that of de Soto. 

Ferdinand de Soto* 

Born about 1496, Xeres, Spain 
Died May 21, 1542, on west bank of Mississippi river 

Although not of the nobility of Spain, De Soto was 
yet of respectable ancestry. Entering the service of 
Pedrarias, then governor of the West Indies, when about 
twenty years of age, it was not long until he was promoted 
to the command of a troop of horse. Pedrarias sent him 
to join Pizarro in the conquest of Peru, and in this under- 
taking De Soto played a most prominent part. He rose 
to the position of second in command, assisting in the cap- 
ture of Atahualpa and sharing the immense ransom with 
which the credulous Inca purchased the promise of free- 
dom. 

When De Soto perceived the jealousy arising among 
the leaders, he sensibly withdrew and returned to Spain. 
His reception there was triumphant; his wealth gave 
him a position close to the Spanish Court. He married 
the Lady Isabella, daughter of the distinguished noble- 
man under whom he had first served, Pedrarias. 

Cabeza de Vaca, of the Narvaez expedition, had 
reached Spain and addressed to the King a narrative of 
his adventures, setting forth his belief that the country be- 
tween Mexico and the Atlantic contained riches far 
greater than any that had yet been discovered in all the 
world. De Soto, now tiring of the life at Court, readily 
accepted the statements of Cabeza de Vaca; the call of 
the western sea had come to him again and he could 
not resist it. 

He had no difficulty in securing the appointment of 
governor of Cuba, with absolute power over the entire 
country then known as "Terra Florida." When it be- 



*Relation of de Biedma who went with the expedition; Ternaux's 
collection of Voyages, Relations and Memoirs: Early Voyages to 
America — Va. Hist. So. 1848. Bancroft's History of U. S. 



FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 91 

came known that a new expedition to Florida under the 
leadership of De Soto was contemplated the wildest en- 
thusiasm ensued. Adventurers assembled as volunteers, 
many of them people of noble birth and good estate. The 
port of San Lucar was crowded with those who hastened 
to solicit permission to share in the enterprise. Even 
soldiers of Portugal were there in the glittering array of 
burnished armor, and the Castilians, brilliant with hopes, 
"were gallant with silk upon silk." 

The fleet sailed with the gaiety of a holiday excur- 
sion, and on arrival in Cuba was welcomed by joyous 
festivals. Lady Isabella accompanied De Soto to Cuba, 
and remained there to govern the island in the absence 
of her husband in Florida. 

At length all preparations were completed. With 
1000 fighting men, 350 horses, and 12 priests, the expe- 
dition sailed from Cuba, May 18, 1539, and landed in 
the lower part of Tampa Bay on the 25th, following. 
They marched to the head of the bay, where they found 
an Indian town, now thought to be the site of Tampa. 
It was in this neighborhood that Juan Ortiz was brought 
in. 

This expedition exceeded in numbers and equipment 
even the famous expeditions against the empires of Mexi- 
co and Peru. Everything was provided that experience 
in former invasions could suggest — arms of all kinds then 
in use; instruments of the forge; bloodhounds as auxil- 
iaries against the feeble natives, and chains for the cap- 
tives; ample stores of food (as was supposed) ; and a 
drove of hogs with which to stock the country. It was a 
roving expedition of gallant freebooters in quest of for- 
tune; a romantic stroll of men whom avarice rendered 
ferocious. 

Everywhere meeting with stubborn resistance from 
the Indians, De Soto's progress was tedious and slow. 
Always enquiring for gold and precious metals, receiving 
always the same answer, "Not here, but farther on," tht 
Spaniards pushed forward to the country of the Apala- 
chees, west of the Suwanee river. They advancd as far 
as the Ocklocknee river, and visited the place on tLe 
coast where Narvaez had built his boats. 

Nearly a year had now passed and there had not 
been found the slightest indication of gold. Constantly 
harassed by the Indians and numbers sick with fever, 
the entire company grew dispirited and requested the gov- 
ernor to return to Cuba. "I will not turn back" he said, 
"until I see the poverty of the country with my own eyes." 



FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 93 

In the meantime, some of De Soto's ships had arrived 
in the vicinity, but he did not visit them, nor let it be 
knoM^n to his men, fearing mutiny among them. Conse- 
quently, early in the spring (1540), he turned toward the 
northeast, under the guidance of an Indian who promised 
to lead the way to a country governed by a queen, where 
gold abounded in plenty. The route carried the Span- 
iards through Georgia to South Carolina, and they really 
came to the province where a queen ruled. They were 
received with kindness and provided with such articles 
of food as the province afforded. From the graves of 
prominent Indians they gathered "four measures of 
pearls." 

De Soto spent some time in this province. His men 
were so impressed with the country, that many of them 
wished to stay and settle there. Settlement, though, was 
not what De Soto desired at this time. A little gold had 
been found with this tribe of Indians, the source of which 
he traced to the hill country (of Georgia and North Car- 
olina). He resumed the march, toward the northwest, 
bearing west through northern Georgia in order to avoid 
the rugged mountain country that the guides said was im- 
passible for the army; then more southerly (into Ala- 
bama), ever on the lookout for, yet failing to find a trace 
of the precious metals. 

At Mavila (in Alabama), De Soto was attacked by 
a large body of Indians. Much of the army's baggage, 
with the treasure of pearls, was lost by fire which con- 
sumed the town. It is said that 2,000 Indians perished 
here by fire and sword. He remained at this point near- 
ly a month, refitting as best he could and allowing his 
wounded to recover. While here, De Soto heard that 
a vessel, sent by Lady Isabella for his relief, had reached 
the coast six days' journey away; but having accom- 
plished little in a material way so far, he refused to avail 
himself of this opportunity to return to Cuba. 

The march was resumed, now toward the northwest. 
Beset on all sides by hostile natives; short of provisions 
and clothing, and suffering greatly from the cold of win- 
ter, the plight of De Soto was one of discouragement for 
the stoutest heart; yet he kept on and on through the 
wilderness. 

In May (1541), the Spaniards reached the banks of 
a mighty river, naming it the Rio Grande. This was the 
Mississippi river. It took them twenty days to build the 
barges on which they crossed the Mississippi with all 



94 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 

their force, their horses and the swine. The crossing 
was made at midnight. 

De Soto spent the summer and autumn exploring the 
country bordering the west bank of the Mississippi ; and 
the following winter probably in Missouri or Arkansas. 
In April (1542) he returned to the banks of the Mississ- 
ippi, discouraged now and sick himself with fever. Here 
on the 21st of May (1542), "departed out of this life the 
valorous and valiant Captain Don Fernando de Soto, 
Governor of Cuba and Adalantado of Florida." They 
buried his body within the gates of the town where they 
were then encamped, but the Spanish, wishing to keep 
the knowledge of his death from the Indians, exhumed 
the body the next night, wrapped it up with a great 
deal of sand, and buried it in the river at midnight. 

When the vote was taken, it was unanimous for a re- 
turn to New Spain as quickly as possible. The Span- 
iards set out to reach Mexico by land, but after wandering 
about for seven months, they returned to the Mississippi 
to make the attempt by boat. It took them seven months 
more to build the boats, and on July 18th (1543), they 
embarked on the voyage. On 10th of September following, 
311 men reached a Spanish settlement on the coast of 
Mexico — all that was left of the 1,000 that had landed 
at Tampa Bay, four and a half years before. 

During the twenty years after De Soto left the con- 
fines of Florida as we know it today, no organized at- 
tempt was made to explore this part of the country. One 
or two attempts were made by priests from Cuba to 
establish missions, but they were promptly murdered 
by the Indians. Now and then along the coast Spanish 
galleons were wrecked by storms; the survivors were 
either killed or kept as slaves by the natives. In one 
instance a party of 300 people shipwrecked on the lower 
Gulf coast made the effort to reach Mexico overland ; all 
perished except one. 

Notwithstanding the trials, vicissitudes and disas- 
ters that had befallen every expedition to Florida, the 
viceroy of Mexico organized and despatched another 
expedition, under De Luna, for the purpose of planting 
a colony on the coast. De Luna landed in Pensacola 
Bay in August, 1559. After suffering the usual hard- 
ships, the settlement was abandoned in about a year. 

Up to this time no banner of the white man, except 
the Spaniard, had ever been planted on the soil of Flor- 
ida. There now appeared a different people speaking a 
different language, and coming for a different purpose. 



FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 95 

THE FRENCH IN FLORIDA * 

By Elizabeth M. Bogart 

Across the sea in a country made wretched by bit- 
ter religious quarrels and cruel wars, the great Admiral 
Coligny seeking a haven of refuge for some of his un- 
happy countrymen, remembered that beyond the Atlan- 
tic lay America. Perhaps the discoveries and settlements 
of the Spanish in Mexico and Peru, suggested to the as- 
tute mind of the admiral the idea of founding beyond 
the sea a new empire which might extend the possessions 
of France and at the same time afford a refuge to the 
persecuted Huguenots. 

Jean Ribault 

An expedition was fitted out, and sailed in February, 
1562. There were two good vessels and Jean Ribault 
With Rene de Laudonniere were the officers in command. 

After a prosperous voyage, land was sighted near 
St. Augustine. Sailing to the north they discovered the 
St. Johns River which they called the River Mai. Here 
they landed and erected a stone column on which was 
engraved the arms of France. 

The Indians received the Frenchmen with great 
kindness. Many orations were made which neither side 
understood ; then presents were exchanged, farewells 
said, and the ships sailed on to the north. 

This first expedition established no colony within 
the present limits of Florida. A settlement was attempt- 
ed at Port Royal, South Carolina, but was soon aban- 
doned. 

Rene de Laudonniere 

Through the influence of Coligny a second expedi- 
tion was fitted out; this time three ships were sent and 
Laudonniere was placed in command. A voyage of two 
months brought them to the shores of Florida. They were 
warmly welcomed by the Indians, especially those who 
were recognized as former visitors with Ribault. They 
were conducted by the natives to the spot where Ribault 
had set up the stone column. Laudonniere was pleased and 
surprised to find the pillar covered with flowers. Around 
its base were set baskets of maize, beans and fruits, gifts 
from the Indians to their visitors. 



*Early Voyages to America — 1848; Translations from original man- 
uscripts by H. Ternaux; Vol. 3 of Hakluyt: Fairbanks' History of 
Fla. 



96 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 

Laudonniere sailed up the river and was received 
with kindness everywhere. After examining several lo- 
calities he decided to establish his settlement at a point 
now known as St. Johns Bluff. Having fixed upon the 
spot the trumpets were sounded, and the Huguenots were 
called to prayer. And so, long before the landing of 
the Pilgrims at Plymouth, Protestant worship was cele- 
brated in Florida. 

Fort Caroline 

After this devout service of thanksgiving and prayer, 
the erection of a fort was begun. Every man helped; 
some brought earth, some cut faggots, while others clear- 
ed the ground. Laudonniere says, "There was not a man 
that had not either a shovel, or a cutting hook, or a hat- 
chet, and we did work in such cheerfulness that within 
a few days the effect of our dilligence was appearent," 

The fort was triangular in shape. The landward 
sides were built of faggots, sand and turf, with a ditch ; on 
the river side was a palisade of planks or heavy timbers. 
Within the fort were built barracks, a house for the com- 
mandant and an arsenal. An oven was built some dis- 
tance from the fort to avoid the danger of fire. 

Satiouriana, a powerful Indian Chief on whose 
ground the fort was built, came with two of his sons and 
a number of Indians with offers of help. His offer was 
thankfully accepted. Laudonniere tells us, "I prayed 
the chief to command his subjects to make a covering of 
palm leaves for the houses, and for the space of two days 
the Indians worked unceasingly. Some brought palmetto 
leaves and others wove them into a thatch for house 
tops." The fort was named Caroline, in honor of Charles 
the IX, king of France. 

Unfortunately the French colonists were not the 
sort of people to get on in a new country. The soil was 
fertile but they planted no crops. They made no attempt 
to strengthen their defenses, or add anything in the way 
of food to their rapidly decreasing supplies, but spent 
the winter in fruitless expeditions after gold. Ribault was 
expected almost any day from France with a fleet of 
vessels which Admiral Coligny was to fit out. Their 
needs would be abundantly supplied. But they waited 
in vain, the expedition was delayed by serious troubles in 
France and no help could be given then, to the colony 
in Florida. 

As spring came on, the inhabitants of Fort Caroline 
having consumed all of the provisions suffered greatly, 



FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 37 

and were forced to eat roots, palmetto and a kind of sor- 
rel found in the woods. Nothing was to be had from the 
Indians, for months before they had given the greater 
part of their corn and beans to the Frenchmen in ex- 
change for beads and trinkets. 

It was at this distressing time that the colonists de- 
termined to build a ship and return to France. In the 
mean time food must be had for the starving people. And 
the Indians were asked to supply it. But the expeditions 
which had traversed the neighboring territory during 
the winter had weakened the friendship of the natives 
and very little food was procured. It was then suggested 
that one of the Indian chiefs should be captured. It was 
thought that if the Frenchmen had the chief, his sub- 
jects would not let them starve. At first Laudonniere 
was not in favor of this plan, but in the end had to give 
his consent. A powerful chief by the name of Utina 
was captured, yet, very small supplies were obtained and 
the good will of their Indian friends was lost. 

After many delays and disappointments two ships 
were made ready, but just as the starving colonists were 
about to leave, Sir John Hawkins, a famous seaman came 
sailing along the coast, in search of fresh water. Seeing 
the distress of the Huguenots he gave them liberal sup- 
plies and also one of his ships; then he sailed away. 

Return of Ribault 

After the departure of Sir John, the Frenchmen 
made ready to leave Fort Caroline, but on the day set for 
sailing, Ribault's vessels arrived with the long expected 
supplies. Admiral Coligny had kept his promise and the 
fleet of seven vessels brought families of emigrants, dom- 
estic animals, tools, seed, in fact everything necessary for 
a permanent occupation of the country. Among the ad- 
venturers were representatives from many of the first 
families of France. 

Arrival of Pedro Menendez 

Spain and France at that time were at peace with 
each other, but Spain claimed Florida by right of discov- 
ery, and the report of the founding of the French colony 
at Fort Caroline aroused the anger and jealousy of King 
Philip of Spain. An expedition sailed from Spain, to 
destroy the Huguenot colony at Fort Caroline and Pedro 
Menendez, a brave but cruel Spanish officer, was in 
command. He was also appointed governor of Florida, 



98 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 

and was to conquer and settle the country, and convert 
the Indians. 

On the voyage out, the fleet of Menendez was scat- 
tered by a storm; when he arrived at Porto Rico he had 
but a third of his forces with him. He would not wait 
for the coming of his other vessels, so great was his haste 
to reach Florida, but sailed as soon as he could make the 
necessary repairs that his storm-tossed vessels required. 
Sailing northward, he sighted the coast of Florida on the 
28th day of August, the day consecrated to Saint Augus- 
tine. Menendez named the place where he landed in 
honor of this holy man. 

Destruction of Ft. Caroline by Menendez 

Coasting to the north, Menendez discovered four 
large vessels of the French anchored at the mouth of the 
St. Johns River. Menendez decided to attack the French 
vessels; the French anticipating his designs, cut their 
cables, hoisted sail and put out to sea. The Spaniards 
oDened fire and started in pursuit; their shot fell short. 
The chase continued all day, but the French out sailed 
the Spanish ships and escaped. 

The Spaniards returned at nightfall to St. Augustine, 
landed, and at once began to fortify the place. 

When Ribault heard from the Indians that the 
Spaniards had landed and were erecting fortifications, 
he called his officers together and told them of his inten- 
tion to attack Menendez. Laudonniere and his cap- 
tains objected to Ribault's plans. They told him that 
their fort was in an almost defenseless condition and that 
more than half of the people were ill; added to all this it 
was the season of the year when storms might be expect- 
ed. Ribault decided to make the attack, and in spite of 
all objections, he ordered his force aboard his vessels. 
He also took from the fort nearly all the able bodied men 
and sailed for St. Augustine. The vessels encountered 
a fierce storm as they left the harbor; they were driven 
a hundred miles down the coast and wrecked. 

In the meantime, Menendez, also against the ad- 
vice of his officers, made preparations to attack Fort 
Caroline. Guided by two Indian chiefs, who were ene- 
mies of the French, Menendez at the head of five hun- 
dred men set out for the fort. They marched through 
an almost impassable country in the furious storm and 
despite the wind, rain and flooded condition of the land, 
halted at the end of three days within striking dis- 




FORT CAROLINE 
(Copy of Orig^inal Drawing by Le Moyne) 



100 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 

tance of Fort Caroline. Menendez made a reconnais- 
sance of the fort. He found it carelessly guarded and 
saw that breaches in its rude walls afforded an easy 
means of entrance. 

The storm was still raging. One of Laudonniere's 
lieutenants was captain of the watch that night ; through 
pity for the sentinels exposed to such weather he allowed 
them to shelter themselves as best they could, not dream- 
mg that an enemy could be abroad on such a night. 

At dawn the forces of Menendez commenced the 
attack. A sudden rush, a quick alarm, a feeble resistance, 
and the fort was taken! Laudonniere who was ill at 
the time, sprang from his bed and tried to rally his men. 
Contesting his ground step by step he fought bravely as 
long as there was hope; but at last, seeing that all was 
lost and being still pursued by the Spaniards, he managed 
to escape to the forest where he met other fugitives from 
the fort. With much difficulty they made their way 
through the tangled underbrush and thick marsh grass 
that lined the river banks; they were then rescued by 
sailors from two French vessels that were still anchored 
in the river. 

In the attack on Fort Caroline the French were cut 
down without regard to age or sex. Toward the last 
Menendez ordered that no women, children or cripples 
should be injured. 

Tragedy of Matanzas 

Leaving three hundred men to repair and occupy the 
fort, Menendez returned to St. Augustine with the rest 
of his soldiers. Soon after his arrival there he learned 
from the Indians that some white men were at Matanzas 
Inlet. He knew they were some of Ribault's men, and 
rightly guessed that they had been shipwrecked. He 
at once set out with a party of his men for Matanzas. 
When he arrived he saw across the inlet a number of 
men, one of whom swam over and informed him that 
they were a part of the French forces under Ribault, 
whose vessels had been wrecked farther down the coast, 
that they wished to pass the inlet and go to their friends 
at Fort Caroline. Menendez told them of the destruc- 
tion of the fort and the slaughter of the garrison. He 
was then asked that vessels be furnished in which they 
might return to France. 

Among these Frenchmen were many of wealth who 
were willing to pay a large ransom for their lives, and 



FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 101 

such offers were made to Menendez, His answer was 
evasive. Finally the homesick and weary Frenchmen 
agreed to surrender and trust to the mercy of Menendez. 
Boats were sent over for them and ten at a time they cross- 
ed the inlet. When the first boat arrived the Frenchmen 
were told by Menendez that as they outnumbered the 
Spaniards it would be necessary for them to march to 
the camp with their hands tied behind them, as they 
might be tempted to kill their guards and thus take re- 
venge for the destruction of Fort Caroline. The French- 
men consented and were taken behind the trees, where 
their hands were securely tied. Each party that came 
over received the same treatment. Then, one by one, 
the captive bands of ten were taken to a certain spot and 
butchered. 

Death of Ribault 

The next day Ribault and his party reached the in- 
let. They were informed of the fate of Fort Caroline. 
After a consultation with Menendez, Ribault and one 
hundred and fifty of his men surrendered. Two hun- 
dred of his party refused to surrender and escaped dur- 
ing the night. Ribault and his comrades were also taken 
over in groups of ten, and on the same pretense given the 
first party of Frenchmen, were induced to have their 
hands tied behina them; they met the same fate as the 
others. When Ribaull saw the fate that awaited him, 
he sang the psalm, "Domine memento mei ;" that finished, 
he told Menendez to do with him as he wished. And so 
with unfaltering courage, Ribault met death . 

Revenge of Dominic de Gourgue" * 

Menendez repaired Fort Caroline and changed its 
name to San Mateo. He established other posts also, 
among them one on each side of the river, now likewise 
called San Mateo, near its mouth. 

Laudonniere upon escaping to the French vessels at 
the mouth of the river immediately set sail for France. 
He reported all that had occurred at Fort Caroline, but 
the Roman Catholic king of France received the informa- 
tion with indifference. A suppressed feeling of indig- 
nation, however, took hold in the country, culminating in 
the organization of a private enterprise to avenge the 
slaughter of the French on the River May. 

Dominic de Gourgues, a brave cavalier and soldier 



*Vol. 3 of Hakluyt. 



102 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 

of fortune, equipped three small vessels from funds de- 
rived by selling his own property and borrowing from 
his friends. Sailing for Florida by an indirect route, he 
reached the vicinity of the River May just after Easter 
Sunday, 1568. Passing the Spanish posts at the mouth 
of the river, he saluted them to conceal his identity, and 
proceeded to Nassau sound, where he came to anchor. 
The shore was covered with natives and a league with 
them was quickly formed, as the outrages of the Span- 
iards against the Indians caused in them, also, a desire 
to be avenged. 

The French and Indians attacked the fort on Bat- 
ten Island at midday, while the garrison was at dinner. 
The entire garrison was either killed or captured. Then 
De Gourgues with his Frenchmen crossed the river in a 
vessel that had been ordered to meet him. The Indians 
"leapt all into the water, holding up their bows and ar- 
rows in one hand and swimming with the other, so that 
the Spaniards (in the second fort) seeing both the shores 
covered with so great a number of men thought to flee 
toward the woods; but being charged by the French and 
afterwards repulsed by the savages toward whom they 
would have retired, they were sooner than they would, 
bereft of their lives." 

De Gourgues now made his preparations for the at- 
tack on the main fort. Fort San Mateo. In the night he 
sent the Indians to surround the fort and lay in ambush 
for any of the Spaniards that might escape toward the 
woods. The next morning he advanced with his French- 
men meeting a reconnoitering party of sixty Spaniards 
which he surrounded with the result that "they remained 
all slain upon the place." In the attack the Spaniards 
were "no niggards of their cannon shot, which made cap- 
tain Gourgues to get to the hill covered with wood, at the 
foot whereof the fort beginneth, and the forest of wood 
continueth and stretcheth forth beyond it." 

The besieged garrison soon sought safety in flight, 
but were met by arrows of the Indians and turned back, 
only to be intercepted by the French. Most of the garrison 
perished. The captives were lead out. De Gourgues 
lectured them, reciting the barbarities that had been prac- 
tised upon his countrymen ; then they were hanged from 
the same trees where Menendez had caused the French 
to be executed three years before. 

De Gourgues ordered that the forts be destroyed, 
which was done by the Indians who quickly razed them. 
This done, the French returned to their vessels and set 



FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 103 

sail for France, where they arrived after a favorable voy- 
age. De Gourgues reported the success of the expedi- 
tion to the French court, but, as in the case of Laudon- 
niere, he was received coldly, and even had to seek safe- 
ty in concealment for a time. 

That the motive of De Gourgues in this enterprise 
was one of patriotism and respect for the honor of his 
country, is evinced by the fact that he, himself, was not 
a Huguenot, but a Roman Catholic in religious faith. 

IN THE EARLY DAYS * 

By Josephine Broward Beckley. 

Menendez had gone to Spain to make a personal re- 
port of the conditions in the Florida colony and was there 
while De Gourgues was administering swift vengeance 
upon the Spanish on the San Mateo. When he returned 
to Florida shortly after the departure of De Gourgues 
and learned what had taken place during his absence, 
his fury may be conjectured. He again repaired and gar- 
risoned the forts on the San Mateo and built others also. 
Ten years afterward Menendez left Florida permanent- 
ly, turning over the government of the colony to a rela- 
tive. 

Sir Francis Drake Burns St. Augustine 

St. Augustine at this time was struggling for exis- 
tence. The Indians were hostile and there was little 
help from the Motherland. Added to all of this, the town 
was burned to the ground one day in 1586, by Sir Francis 
Drake, the English sea-rover. 

Returning from a freebooting expedition to the West 
Indies, Sir Francis saw a lookout on Anastasia Island and 
stopped to investigate. He landed a cannon and fired 
several shots at the fort, which was built of pine logs and 
was not yet completed. The garrison fled, together with 
the inhabitants of the town, toward San Mateo. While 
pursuing the fugitives, an English officer was shot from 
ambush, and Drake, in retaliation, sacked and burned the 
town. 

The Missions 

In this early period the Spaniards made no attempt 
to extend the limit of settlement outside of St. Augustine. 
They confined themselves rather to establishing outly- 



*See P'airbanks' "History of Florida" 



104 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 

ing missions for the conversion of the Indians to the Chris- 
tian faith. With the establishment of the missions, the 
Indians would murder the Priests here and there, but 
others would follow in their places. Years passed thus, 
until by a concerted attack a band of Indians destroyed 
the entire chain of missions, even to the very gates of St. 
x\ugustine. There were two missions in the suburbs of St. 
Augustine. At midnight the Indians attacked one of 
these and killed the Priest with their hatchets. At the 
other, the Priest begged the privilege of celebrating 
mass before he died. This they granted him, but no sooner 
had he finished than they killed him with the utmost 
fury at the foot of the altar. Yet again the missions 
were re-established, and in 1618, there were twenty of 
them, located in the principal Indian towns. 

From this time on for many years the history of Flor- 
ida is but the history of St. Augustine. The town passed 
through the array of vicissitudes that would naturally 
attend its isolation from other civilized communities. 
With the settlement of Carolina and Georgia by the En- 
glish, events shaped themselves into a lengthy drama, 
wherein Spanish, English, and Indians were the actors. 

A CENTURY OF TURMOIL* 

(1663-1763) 
By Essie May Williams 

Although more than 100 years had passed since Flor- 
ida had been definitely settled, the Spaniards had not 
been stimulated to undertake the occupation of the rich 
lands lying within the limits claimed by them as Florida. 
Spain had been content to occupy the one fortified post 
of St. Augustine and to plant a few missions here and 
there. 

The first English settlement had been made at 
Jamestown, and other colonies to the north had been 
planted by the English and Dutch without opposition by 
the Spanish crown. The wide interval between the 
English and Spanish settlements for a time prevented any 
collision. But the settlement of Carolina (1670), by the 
English brought them nearer to the Spaniards who oc- 

*Lossing, Enc. Am. History; F. P. Fleming, Memoirs of Fla. ; G. R. 
Fairbanks, History of Fla.; Green's History of Fla.; Brevard and 
Bennett, History of Fla.; Chambers', United States; Consin and Hill, 
Am. History; Goodrich, Pictorial Hist, of Am. 



FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 105 

cupied St. Augustine and regarded the Carolina ter- 
ritory as a part of Florida. A hostile feeling between 
the two colonies began immediately and lasted for more 
than a century. 

The antagonism was partly religious and partly poli- 
tical. The Spaniards claimed that the English sea-rovers 
who preyed upon their commerce were sheltered by the 
Carolinians, and the Carolinians claimed that the Span- 
ish incited the Indians against them and enticed their ser- 
vants from them, so the ill feeling increased. The alli- 
ance of the Indian tribes was desired by each and became 
a subject of contention also. 

Captain John Davis Burns St. Augustine 

In 1665, a freebooting expedition, under Capt. John 
Davis, made a descent upon St. Augustine with seven 
small vessels and an inconsiderable force. Little resis- 
tance was made by the small Spanish garrison and the 
town was pillaged and burned by the English sea-rovers. 

In 1686 a Spanish force attacked the colonists on 
the coast of South Carolina (Charleston). Though the 
attack on Charleston was unsuccessful the scattered 
homes along the coast were pillaged and some colonists 
taken prisoners and cruelly treated. 

At the close of the 17th century, little progress had 
been made by the Spanish in the civilization of the In- 
dians. The fer.ocity of these savage tribes, their aver- 
sion to restraint, and their love of warfare prevented 
the spread of Christian faith among them. In 1687 an 
attempt of the Spanish Governor, to move several Indian 
tribes to the banks of the St. Johns caused a general in- 
surrection. Several tribes moved within the limits of 
Carolina and from there made incursions into Florida. 

Though Spain had been indifferent to colonization 
for her own sake she was jealous of what she considered 
encroachment of others. It was left to La Salle to confer 
upon France the right of appropriating the great Miss- 
issippi Valley (1682). This aroused the Spanish and a 
few years later the Vicerov of Spain in Florida sent an 
expedition to explore the harbors of the Gulf of Mexico. 
As a result of this expedition Pensacola was occupied and 
a fort built and garrisoned (1696). 

Not far from this town on an island in Mobile Bay, 
the French in 1699 planted a settlement. The Perdido 
River was agreed upon as a boundary line between the 
French and Spanish territory. In the early years of 



106 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 

existence, Mobile (French) and Pensacola (Spanish) ex- 
changed many courtesies. Once when Pensacola was 
threatened with starvation, Mobile supplied her needs, 
and again came to her assistance against a threatened 
Indian attack. But unfortunately the time came when 
France and Spain were at war with each other, and these 
settlements had to take the part of the mother country. 

Governor Moore Burns St. Augustine 

In the second Intercolonial war (Queen Anne's) Eng- 
land, Holland and Germany, were allies on one side and 
France and Spain on the other. During this period (1701- 
1714) there were four expeditions against the Spanish 
and Indians in Florida and in retaliation there were two 
against the Carolina colonists. Thus the horrors of war in 
Europe had their counterpart among the magnolias and 
live oaks of Florida. In the first of these attacks against 
Florida (1702), the town of St. Augustine was taken 
and the fort where the inhabitants had taken refuge was 
besieged. The guns of Governor Moore who led the Car- 
olinians, were of such small caliber that no impression 
could be made upon the coquina walls of the fort. When 
three Spanish vessels appeared off the coast. Governor 
Moore raised the siege, burned the town, and returned 
home. This expedition though a failure cost the colony 
of Carolina 6000 pounds and led to the first issue of pap- 
er money ever circulated in America. 

In 1719, during hostilities between France and Spain, 
Pensacola was thrice captured, and then burned by the 
French within a period of three months. In 1722 by a 
treaty of peace between Spain and France, what was left 
of Pensacola was restored to the Spanish crown and the 
town was rebuilt on Santa Rosa Island, near where Fort 
Pickens now stands. The island was sandy and sterile, 
and the settlement was gradually transferred to the north 
side of the bay. 

When Georgia was settled in 1733 by Oglethorpe, 
the jealous Spaniards at St. Augustine claimed that the 
new colony was a part of Florida and showed signs of 
hostility. They tried to incite the Indians against the 
new settlement and also to procure the assassination of 
Oglethorpe. 

Against expected trouble Oglethorpe began to pre- 
pare. He explored some of the coast islands and built for- 
tifications. One of the islands explored was Cumber- 
land island. The Indian name of the island was Missoe. 



FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 107 

When Oglethorpe came to the Island of Missoe, an old 
Indian chief, Tomowanda, said, "I will name this island 
Cumberland after the Duke of Cumberland who gave me 
a watch." Oglethorpe was so pleased with the act of 
the old Indian's good will that he is said to have erected 
on the southern end of the island a hunting lodge which 
he called Dunganess. For protection against the Span- 
iards in Florida, Oglethorpe built a fort at the northern 
end of Cumberland Island and another at the southern 
end to command the entrance to St. Marys River. This 
fort at the southern end of the island he named Fort Wil- 
liam. He also built posts on Amelia Island and even at 
St. George, in 1737, intending to extend his domain to the 
St. Johns River. 

Oglethorpe Invades Florida 

In 1738 Oglethorpe returned from England, whith- 
er he had gone for assistance, bringing with him a com- 
pany of 600 men. War was declared between England 
and Spain (1739). In 1740 Oglethorpe as commander- 
in-chief of the Georgia and Carolina forces was ordered 
to invade Florida. Expecting attack from Oglethorpe, 
the Spanish governor began immediately to prepare St. 
Augustine for defense. The fort was repaired and push- 
ed toward completion, the ramparts were heightened and 
casemated, and covered ways and bombproofs provided. 
With its revelin and four bastions, St. John, St. Peter, St. 
Augustine and St. Paul, the castle, already old though in- 
complete, was impregnable to any assault that might be 
expected. No instrument of war at that time could affecl 
such solid masonry, while today one cannon ball would 
shatter its walls. 

With 900 regulars and militia and 1,100 Indians, 
Oglethorpe appeared before St. Augustine. Having cap- 
tured the Spanish works on Anastasia Island, he demand- 
ed the surrender of the fort. In the Spanish governor's 
answer he swore by the Holy Cross that he would defend 
the castle to the last drop of his blood and hoped soon to 
"kiss his Excellency's hand within its walls." After be- 
sieging the fort for more than a month without success, 
Oglethorpe returned to Georgia. This failure was not 
only mortifying to Oglethorpe but made his lot at home 
an unhappy one. After a while however, he had an op- 
portunity to gain glory for himself and save Georgia and 
Carolina from being overrun and plundered by the Span- 
iards. 



FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 109 

Spanish Invade Georgia 

In retaliation for the attack on St. Augustine, 56 
vessels and a large force of men appeared off St. Simon's 
Bar for the purpose of attacking Frederica (1742) . Ogle- 
thorpe made a gallant defense, but was compelled to a- 
bandon the fort on St. Simon's island and the Spaniards 
advanced upon Frederica, but were driven back in the 
Battle of Bloody Marsh. 

Oglethorpe then planned a night attack upon the 
main body of the Spanish army, but his plan was reveal- 
ed to the Spanish by one of his men who deserted. Know- 
ing that the deserter would tell how weak the English 
were, Oglethorpe resorted to strategy. A Spanish pri- 
soner was released and given a sum of money to take a 
letter to the deserter. The letter pretended to tell the de- 
serter what to do and thus made it appear to the Spanish 
that the deserter was a spy. The letter told the deserter 
to make the Spanish believe that the English were weak 
and to induce them to make an attack. If he failed in 
that he was to try to keep them in those parts for three 
days longer, when a powerful fleet and force from Char- 
leston would arrive. 

As was intended, the letter puzzled the Spanish 
commander, and as Oglethorpe expected, the deserter 
was regarded as a spy. Three vessels coming in sight off 
the bar just at this time made it appear that the rein- 
forcements mentioned in Oglethorpe's letter were about to 
land. The Spaniards hastily embarked and abandoned 
the attempt to conquer Georgia. 

In 1743 Oglethorpe made another attempt to cap- 
ture St. Augustine, but was again unsuccessful. A treaty 
was concluded between great Britain and Spain, which 
caused a suspension of hostilities between the colonies. 
The garrison at St. Augustine, however, was reduced to 
a mere defensive force and in 1759 only 500 fighting men 
were on duty there. 

By the middle of the 18th century the conflicting 
ambitions of England and France in regara to expansion 
in the New World began to grow significant. The fourth 
"Intercolonial War," called in America the French and 
Indian War, was different from other wars of colonial 
time because the questions at issue were of vital interest 
to the colonies. This war began in America one year 
before the formal declaration of war in Europe. The 
events of the seven years of war had especially far- 
reaching results in America. By the treaty of Paris, 



110 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 

signed February, 1763, England received from France, 
all her territory in America east of the Mississippi except 
the island and city of New Orleans and two small islands 
off the coast of Newfoundland. The year before the war 
closed, England had captured the city of Havana to the 
distress of the Spanish Crown. 

THE ENGLISH IN FLORIDA * 

By Carita Doggett Corse. 

When Havana, the pride and center of Spanish 
America, fell before a British force in 1762, Spain gave 
up her struggle against English domination of the At- 
lantic coast and offered Florida as a ransom for Cuba. 

The vast new territory of which England then found 
herself possessed, included the present State of Florida 
and the coast of Alabama, Mississippi, and part of Louis- 
iana. Because of the difficulty and uncertainty in travel- 
ing and communication, three provinces were carved 
from this wilderness — East Florida, West Florida, and 
Granada. East Florida naturally developed more rapid- 
ly than the other two, since enterprising settlers from 
England, Georgia and the Carolinas found land grants 
plentiful and trade routes protected. Pioneers of the 
other two provinces faced hostile Spanish frontiers and 
waterways, and had to content themselves for the most 
part with life behind the staunch walls of Pensacola and 
Mobile. 

Gen. James Grant, hero of the capture of Havana, 
was made first Governor of East Florida, in recognition 
of his services, and proved an able administrator. He 
selected a council of leading citizens who had already 
been influential in England and the colonies before their 
emigration to Florida, and stimulated interest in the new 
province by actively promoting agricultural ventures 
there. As a result, settlers cleared and developed more 
land in twenty years of English occupation, than Span- 
ish land holders had in their two hundred years of own- 
ership. The largest colony which ever came to America 
in one body — fifteen hundred southern Europeans led 
by Dr. Andrew Turnbull of London landed at New Smyrna 



^British Colonial Office records; Bartram Travels; Brinton, Flor- 
ida Peninsula; Dewhurst, St. Augustine; Fairbank's History of 
Florida; Lanier, Florida; Romans, East & West Florida; Schoepf, 
Travels; Doggett, Dr. Andrew Turnbull and the New Smyrna Colony 
of Fla. 



FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 111 

seventy-five miles south of St. Augustine, in 1767. Gov- 
ernor Grant labored energetically to protect the new- 
comers from the Indians and to provide them v^ith food 
and shelter. In his opinion, this was too large an under- 
taking for a private company, even though the joint own- 
ers were the English Secretary of State, a member of the 
Navy Department and Dr. Turnbull who himself had in- 
vested a comfortable fortune in the venture. As long as 
Governor Grant remained in office, he secured a yearly 
government aid for this colony, and when an uprising oc- 
curred during the first months of its establishment, he 
promptly sent two ships with soldiers to put down the 
disorders. 

Other smaller settlements were started on the St. 
Johns River, among them Rollestown and a colony of 
Scotch Highlanders, and several extensive plantations 
developed, such as Beresford and Spring Garden, while 
Mt. Oswald became a large and thriving sugar cane plan- 
tation. 

Florida had been a British possession less than fif- 
teen years when the American Revolution broke out. She 
was too newly organized and too recently benefited by 
government aids, to sympathize with the American cause, 
so that the majority of her settlers remained loyal, and 
she became a port of refuge for Tories fleeing from the 
other colonies. The home government was very anxious 
however, to insure Florida against the spreading confla- 
gration, and when Governor Grant was obliged to resign 
his office on account of his health, an official was sent out 
from England, whose chief recommendation was his vio- 
lent opposition to the Revolutionary movement. He at once 
bent every effort to make good this reputation, by an ac- 
tive campaign both within and without the province. A- 
mong those to fall under his suspicion was the Chief 
Justice, William Drayton, and because of his fiery de- 
fense of Mr. Drayton. Dr. Turnbull shared his fate. These 
two finally fled to Charleston to escape imprisonment in 
the fort, and the colony at New Smyrna, leaderless, open 
to American and Indian raids, and without further gov- 
ernment support, broke up. The inhabitants moved to 
St. Augustine, where their descendants are still living. 

At the close of the Revolution, Florida had reached 
a peak of prosperity, due to the influx of Tory refugees. 
It was a final crushing blow to these wanderers and to 
the first English settlers when they learned that Eng- 
land had decided to re-cede Florida to Spain because she 
felt that she could no longer hold the province with the 



112 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 

hostile colonies on the northern coast and Spain to the 
south of her. The English were given eight months to sell 
their homes and move away, though, since there were 
no purchasers at hand, this business was a sad farce. A 
fleet of transports was sent to Amelia Harbor on the 
northern coast, to carry the exiles away, to England, the 
Bermudas or Canada. With their pathetic piles of house- 
hold goods, their slaves and cattle strung out along the 
shore, their plight resembled that of the Arcadians ban- 
ished from Nova Scotia, nor was their fate less hard, 
since many perished before government aid reached 
them. Of their splendid efforts in Florida, no trace re- 
mained save ruins, for between Indian depredations and 
Spanish neglect, the vigorous jungle soon crept in and 
reclaimed the land. 

AN ECHO OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION* 

By Mary Simpkins Denham 

Early one morning in 1780, soon after Charleston 
was captured by the English, about forty of the most 
influential citizens of that section were taken from their 
beds by order of the British commander and placed on 
transports in violation of the parole that had been given 
them. They were sent to St. Augustine and confined 
there as prisoners of war, the charge against them being 
that they were the principal promoters in South Carolina 
of the Revolutionary cause. 

With the exception of General Gadsden and a few 
others who refused to accept a parole, these gentlemen 
were given the freedom of the town, although they were 
subjected to many annoyances. General Gadsden and 
those who refused the parole were confined in the fort 
for nearly a year. 

On the 4th of July, the Americans agreed to unite 
and dine in common. The fare was very plain, the only 
luxury being a large plum pudding in the middle of the 
table, having in its center the new American flag show- 
ing the stars and stripes. 

On this occasion was first sung the celebrated Amer- 
ican hymn, 

God save the Thirteen States, 
Thirteen United States, 
God save them all. 



*Traditions and Reminiscenses of the Am. Revolution — Joseph 
Johnson. 



FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 113 

It was written that morning by Captain Thomas 
Hayward of the Artillery (afterwards Judge Hayward), 
while sitting under an orange tree in the enclosure and 
several copies of it were made before dinner. Being the 
same tune as "God Save the King," the British supposed 
it to be their national song, and peeping in at the windows 
wondered what had possessed the Yankees to sing "God 
Save the King." After the dinner, the American version 
of the hymn was distributed to the English and they 
were perfectly satisfied then that the Yankees had not 
"changed their tune." 

These gentlemen were kept in St. Augustine for 
almost a year, when they were sent to Philadelphia to 
be exchanged. 

GREAT BRITAIN RE-CEDES FLORIDA TO SPAIN* 

By Susan F. Jeffreys 

Although Great Britain re-ceded Florida to Spain 
in September, 1783, actual occupation did not take place 
until the following June, when Governor Zespedes with 
a few troops arrived in St. Augustine to take formal pos- 
session in the name of the king of Spain. Three years 
before this, the Spanish had captured Pensacola from 
the English and were already in possession of that part 
of Florida when the transfer was made. Spain soon be- 
came busily engaged in Europe, and Florida received lit- 
tle attention from the home government, with the result 
that its value as a possession decreased to a marked de- 
gree. 

The old-time feeling of animosity between Georgia 
and Spanish Florida broke out anew, Georgia accusing, 
Florida denying the responsibility for the Indian depre- 
dations along the frontier and the protection afforded 
the runaway slaves that escaped across the border. These 
charges and counter charges led into a deep-seated ha- 
tred that finally resulted in the Congress of the United 
States taking a hand in the matter. In 1812, when events 
made it certain that war with England was unavoidable, 
Congress discussed at length, mostly in secret sessions, 
the question of seizing Florida under the pretext of pre- 
venting its occupation by the British. A milder course 
was decided upon, however, and commissioners were ap- 
pointed to treat with the Spanish authorities with a view 



*Fairbanks — History of Florida; Parton's "Life of Andrew Jackson." 
1863. 



114 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 

to obtaining control of Florida during the period of the 
war. Upon the failure of these negotiations, a band ot 
persons calling themselves "Patriots" assembled at bt. 
Marys, Georgia, and marched into Florida seeking to 
seize the country for the purpose, they said, of establish- 
ing a republican form of government. 

The Patriot Raid in Florida 

The Patriots and the United States fleet, acting in 
concert, frightened the Spanish commander of Fernan- 
dina into surrendering the town. The next day, United 
States forces took possession of the place and hoisted 
the United States flag over the fort. The Patriots, ac- 
companied by a detachment of United States regulars, 
now marched to capture St. Augustine. In this under- 
taking they were unsuccessful, as the Spanish governor 
at St. Augustine shelled their camp and forced them to 
retire. They retreated to the St. Johns River and made 
Cow Ford (now Jacksonville) their rendezvous. Here 
the Patriot and the United States flags were unfurled 
side by side. 

The Indians continued to give trouble in this part 
of Florida. Colonel Daniel Newnan, with a hundred men 
of the Patriot army, marched to Alachua County, where 
he encountered King Payne and his warriors. Payne 
was killed, but the Indians besieged Colonel Newnan for 
eight days and it was with the greatest difficulty that he 
succeeded in extricating his force. The march back to Cow 
Ford was attended with untold hardships. 

The United States forces were withdrawn in 1813, 
when the Patriot organization disbanded and its members 
returned whence they came. The United States govern- 
ment was later held responsible for much of the property 
destroyed during this invasion of Florida. 

Andrew Jackson Captures Pensacola 

On the morning of August 30, 1813, a mass of human 
beings — whites and negroes; men, women and children — 
were crowded together within the wooden walls of Fort 
Mims, in the southern part of what is now the state of 
Alabama. Many of them were farmers of the vicinity, 
with their families and slaves, who had sought the pro- 
tection of the fort as a result of an Indian scare. At sun- 
set of that day, three hundred mangled, scalped and 
bloody corpses lay heaped and strewed about the en- 



FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 115 

closure. A thousand Creeks under Weathersford had 
surprised the fort at the Noon hour. 

The news of the massacre at Fort Mims spread over 
the country as quickly as the pony express could carry it. 
By the middle of October, an army of 2,500 men and 
1,300 horses, under the command of General Andrew 
Jackson, had gathered on the banks of the Tennessee 
river south of Huntsville, Ala., ready to avenge the at- 
tack on Fort Mims and forever remove the menace of the 
warlike Creeks from the country. During the eight 
months following, this army ferreted the Indians out 
of their fastnesses, destroyed their towns, and finally 
brought them to terms under a treaty obligation. Num- 
bers of hostile Indians, however, found refuge in the 
Spanish province of West Florida. 

The United States at this titne was at war with 
England. Rumors reached General Jackson that a Bri- 
tish vessel was at Apalachicola distributing arms to the 
Indians, and that it was the intention of the English to 
occupy Pensacola. Andrew Jackson made up his mind 
at once to "root the British out of Florida." When word 
came that Mobile was also about to be occupied, he rush- 
ed with his army to its rescue and repulsed the attempt of 
the British to gain a foot-hold there. Then he marched to 
Pensacola. This was early in November, 1814. In the pre- 
vious August, the British had entered Pensacola harbor 
and seemingly, with the approval of the Spanish gov- 
ernor there, had landed troops and occupied the forts on 
the bay. 

Immediately on his arrival at Pensacola, General 
Jackson sent in a flag of truce and demanded the sur- 
render of the town. The flag was fired upon. A second 
time he sent it back. A negative answer was returned to 
him. "Turn out the troops," the General ordered. They 
marched into the town, skirmishing as they progressed 
through the streets. The Spanish governor soon came 
running to find the General, offering to surrender the 
place. The Americans now turned their attention to the 
forts garrisoned by the British. One the British aban- 
doned, and the other they blew up, then they took to 
their vessels and sailed away. 

General Jackson held Pensacola two days. He with- 
drew his forces to Mobile, thence to New Orleans to meet 
the British in that famous battle. From Pensacola the 
British sailed to the Apalachicola river, where they built 






^s 



y 






g* \ 







ss-'fy!-'^'^ 



FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 117 

and garrisoned a fort. After the war the garrison was 
withdrawn, and this fort became the rendezvous of hostile 
Creeks and runaway negroes, who terrorized the sur- 
rounding country and bade defiance to both Spanish and 
Americans. Later Col. Clinch marched down from Georgia 
and destroyed this fort together with nearly all its in- 
mates. 

General Jackson Again In Florida 

The frontier settlements of Georgia had for some 
time suffered from depredations of the Indians, instigated, 
it was charged, by Nichols and Woodbine, the same Bri- 
tish officers who had been defeated at Mobile, driven out 
of Pensacola, and who built the negro fort on the Apala- 
chicola river. The insistent demand of the people of 
Georgia for the protection of their southern frontier final- 
ly resulted in preparations for a campaign to punish the 
Florida Indians. Georgia volunteers were mobilized and 
sent to Fort Scott in the extreme southwestern part of 
Georgia. 

Not far from Fort Scott there was an Indian village, 
one of the Fowltowns. In November, 1817, a detach- 
ment from the fort attacked and burned this town. The 
Indians retaliated by killing a boatload of people on the 
Apalachicola river. The war had begun. 

When news of the situation reached Washington 
General Andrew Jackson was ordered to assume per- 
sonal command of the troops in the South. He arrived at 
Fort Scott from his home in Tennessee early in March, 
1818, and straightway advanced into Florida with his 
army of Tennesseeans, Georgians, and a brigade of friend- 
ly Indians. Going directly to the place of the old negro 
fort, he erected another fortification on the site, naming 
it Fort Gadsden. Leaving a garrison here, the army took 
up its march to St. Marks. After several brushes with 
the Indians enroute. General Jackson appeared before 
St. Marks on April 6th. This was a Spanish fort. The 
General sent in a demand for surrender, which was re- 
fused. He marched in without further ado, lowered the 
Spanish flag, and raised the American flag over the 
fort. 

Within the fort he found a Scotch trader, named 
Alexander Arbuthnot, who evidently was the guest of 
the Spanish governor. The General's suspicions were a- 
roused by this circumstance, and he ordered that Arbuth- 
not be placed in close confinement. Two noted Indian 



118 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 

outlaws fell into his hands here, also, Francis and another 
chief; they were immediately taken out and hanged. 

The army remained at St. Marks only two days. 
Leaving a sufficient force to garrison the place, General 
Jackson pushed on toward Suwanee Town, on the banks 
of the Suwanee river. He found the town practically de- 
serted — the Indians had been forewarned. In the even- 
ing of April 17th, the whole army was encamped on the 
banks of the Suwanee river. About midnight the report 
of a musket aroused the camp. The next morning it was 
learned that the guard had captured an Englishman 
named Robert C. Ambrister, together with an attendant 
and two negro servants. Ignorant of the situation they had 
blundered into the American camp while endeavoring to 
reach Suwanee Town to meet the Indians. Receiving in- 
formation as to the character and business of Ambrister, 
General Jackson had him conducted to St. Marks, where, 
like Arbuthnot, he was placed in close confinement. 

No doubt believing that he had reached the source of 
the Indian troubles in Florida by capturing these two 
white men. General Jackson now considered the war at 
an end. He sent the Georgia troops home to be disband- 
ed ; dismissed the Indian brigade and returned to St. 
Marks with his Tennesseeans and regulars on April 25th, 
on his way home. He tarried at St. Marks a few days to 
be present at the trial of Arbuthnot and Ambrister. 

Before a special court of fourteen selected officers, 
'Arbuthnot was charged with inciting the Creek Indians 
lo war against the United States; acting as spy; aiding 
and comforting the enemy and supplying them with 
the means of war." Verdict — "That he be suspended by 
the neck until he is dead." 

"Ambrister was charged with aiding and comforting 
the enemy ; levying war against the United States by as- 
suming command of the Indians and ordering them to 
give battle to the army of the United States ; that he had 
come to Florida on Woodbine's business, which was to 
see the negroes righted, and that he had apprized them 
of the American invasion." Verdict — "That he be shot 
to death." 

General Jackson approved the verdict in both cases 
and the prisoners were promptly executed. This event 
created a profound sensation in England, and it was 
only through the most careful handling of the matter by 
the United States government that serious complications 
did not arise. 

The army now returned to Fort Gadsden, where 



FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 119 

General Jackson received information that many Indians 
had collected in Pensacola and were terrorizing the 
neighboring settlements, even with the knowledge and 
sanction of the Spanish governor. This was enough for 
Andrew Jackson. He marched to Pensacola and cap- 
tured the place, including the forts, after a brisk engage- 
ment. The Spanish governor escaped, and well for him 
that he did, as said the General, "all I regret is that I had 
not stormed the works, captured the governor (Spanish), 
put him on trial for the murder of Stokes and his family 
(by the Indians), and hung him for the deed.*" 

Five days after the capture of Pensacola, General 
Jackson was on his way home. He left a sufficient number 
of troops under Colonel King to garrison the place. This 
provisional government lasted about fourteen months, 
Pensacola being restored to the Spanish authorities in 
September, 1819. 
*Parton's "Life of Andrew Jackson," P. 315. 

THE CHANGE OF FLAGS* 

By Moses Folsom 

General Jackson's inroad into Florida did not bring 
peace along the southern border of the United States. 
Both Presidents Madison and Monroe had considered the 
necessity of annexing Florida and under the latter this 
was consummated by a treaty signed at Washington, Feb- 
ruary 22, 1819, by which Spain agreed to surrender Flor- 
ida for $5,000,000 and the payment of claims amounting 
to $600,000. Although Spain accepted the treaty, the 
ratification was not completed until February 22, 1821. 
General Andrew Jackson was designated as Military Gov- 
ernor of East and West Florida, with headquarters at 
Pensacola. 

It was planned to exchange flags on July 4th, but the 
Spaniards had no sentiment for the American natal day, 
and the final act was delayed until July 10th, 1821, at 
St. Augustine, and July 17th at Pensacola. 
At St. Augustine 

It was 3 o'clock in the afternoon when the Spanish 
flag was lowered and the Stars and Stripes took its place 
on Fort San Marco, orginally known as "San Juan de 
Pinos" and after the American occupation as Fort 
Marion, in honor of General Francis Marion. The fort 
is the oldest fortification in the United States and co- 



*Dewhurst — History of St. Augustine; Brevard — History of Fla.; 
Fairbanks — History of Fla.; and History of St. Augustine. 



120 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 

vers four acres. It was begun in 1696 and completed 
in 1756, the material of the walls being coquina rock 
from quarries on Anastasia Island. The workmen 
included soldiers, Indians and negroes who extended 
their work through many long and weary years. 

The transfer of authority took place at 4 P. M. in 
the Government House, when Colonel Jose Coppinger, 
the last of the forty-three Spanish governors of Florida, 
figuratively gave the keys of the city to Adjutant-Gen- 
eral Butler. An incident preceeding the transfer occured 
when Capt. J. R. Hanbam arrived after a journey of sev- 
enteen days from Pensacola, having been sent by General 
Jackson to demand the papers and records properly be- 
longing to the United States. These had been packed in 
eleven large boxes and a vessel was waiting in the harbor 
to carry them away. After Gov. Coppinger had refused 
to deliver them, Capt. Hanbam had the room in the Gov- 
ernment House forced open and took charge of the do- 
cuments. 

At Pensacola 

It was 10 o'clock A. M. on July 17th, when General 
Jackson and staff entered Pensacola and met Colonel 
Callava, the Spanish governor. The two walked from the 
Government House to the center of the square where the 
flagstaff still carried the colors of Spain. At a signal 
from General Jackson the American flag began its ascent 
and the Spanish flag began its fall. Soldiers of the two 
countries, citizens, Indians, and negroes filled the square, 
streets and windows of neighboring buildings. The Span- 
iards seemed much depressed, and to avoid any spirit of 
triumph the Americans refrained from cheering. Pre- 
ceding the ceremony. General Jackson had trouble with 
the Spanish authorities over the public documents, and, 
as at St. Augustine, they had to be taken by force. 

The Indian chiefs were displeased over the change 
of authority, but the American commander assured them 
of his friendship. Under the Spanish, they had been do- 
ing as they pleased. They and their people had learned 
something of General Jackson's sternness and success in 
former campaigns against them. 

Spanish Governor Imprisoned* 

The delays incident to the transfer weighed heavily 
upon the American commander, and, coupled with the 
memory of the unpleasant experiences he had had with 

*See Parton's "Life of Andrew Jackson." 



FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 121 

the Spanish officials on former occasions, Jackson, who 
was known as Don Andrew by the citizens, had no sen- 
timental feelings toward the Spaniards. 

Colonel Callava, of all the Spanish governors of Pen- 
sacola had been the most popular and a favorite of the of- 
ficers of the American army. With his staff he had remain- 
ed to superintend the return to Cuba or Spain of all Span- 
iards who desired to go, and to complete the evacuation. 
General Jackson had appointed Henry M. Brackenridge, 
afterwards a member of Congress and prominent in Ken- 
tucky politics, as alcalde of Pensacola, part of whose duty 
it was to receive the papers and records relating to pri- 
vate property. 

One day a woman appeared at Alcalde Bracken- 
ridge's office and represented that papers involving her 
estate were being held by the Spanish authorities. These 
papers with other Spanish documents were in boxes at 
Colonel Callava's house. The news reached General Jack- 
son's ears and he immediately sent an order to Col. Calla- 
va to produce the papers. Not understanding English, 
the former Spanish governor asked time to have the order 
translated, and the American officer reported the fact to 
General Jackson who interpreted the reply as being a 
subterfuge. Without waiting for further information the 
General ordered out a guard and at midnight Col. Cal- 
lava, his secretary, and the former Spanish alcalde were 
locked up in the city prison, and the Spanish papers were 
seized and taken to American headquarters. The prison- 
ers were released the next morning but General Jack- 
son, unrelenting, issued an order requiring all Spanish 
officers to leave the town within four days. The claim 
of the old woman was thoroughly investigated later, and 
it was found that the valuable estate to which she claimed 
title was worth less than nothing, since it was bankrupt 
to the extent of serveral hundred dollars. 

General Jackson, himself, remained but a short time 
in Pensacola, only three months, returning early in Nov- 
ember, 1821, to his home near Nashville, where he re- 
mained until he was advanced to the exalted position of 
President of the United States. 

FLORIDA BECOMES A TERRITORY * 

By C. Seton Fleming 

Florida had been in the hands of the military au- 



*Sprague — the Florida War.; Fairbanks — History of Fla.; The South 
in the Building of the Nation. 



122 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 

thorities for about a year, when William P. Duval, a na- 
tive of Virginia, but a resident of Kentucky, was appoint- 
ed Territorial governor, in 1822. 

In tradition and sentiment Florida was affected at 
this time by the old division into East and West Florida, 
with their separate capitals, governors, and interests. 
The Legislative Council, therefore, at a meeting held in 
St. Augustine in June, 1823, appointed commissioners to 
select the most eligible and convenient situation for the 
seat of government. The commissioners selected the pre- 
sent site of Tallahassee as the permanent capital. The 
Governor issued a proclamation in March, 1824, calling 
upon the members of the council to assemble at this site 
for the next meeting and the first council meeting was 
held there in November of that year. The capitol build- 
ing was begun in 1824, and likewise the first house erect- 
ed in Tallahassee. 

During the early part of Governor Duval's adminis- 
tration, the Indian question was one of paramount im- 
portance. The famous treaty of Fort Moultrie (five miles 
south of St. Augustine) was negotiated with the Seminoles 
in September, 1823, Governor Duval, himself, being one 
of the commisssioners to treat with the Indians. Three 
artillery officers of the United States army signed the 
treaty as witnesses. Among other stipulations the treaty 
of Fort Moultrie provided, that the chiefs and warriors 
of the Florida tribes of Indians cede and relinquish all 
claim or title which they had to the whole territory of 
Florida, with the exception of such district of the coun- 
try as shall therein be allotted to them, and they shall 
thereafter be concentrated and confined to such dis- 
trict. It was agreed, further, that farming implements, 
cattle and hogs, to the value of $6,000 be distributed 
among the Indians, and that they be paid $5,000 a year 
for twenty years. 

The district allotted to the Indians was south of a 
line drawn between Gainesville and Ocala, but the terri- 
tory embraced was not to approach either the Gulf or 
the Atlantic coast nearer than 15 miles. With their re- 
moval from the northern part of the Territory, settle- 
ments by the whites increased and Florida then overcame 
many of her troubles and difficulties and has steadily 
continued her march of progress. 



3477-251 



FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 123 



BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE HISTORY SECTION 

American Ethnology, Bureau of — Bulletin No. 30. 

Bancroft — History of the United States. 

Bartram, Wm. — Travels, 1794. 

Brevard and Bennett — History of Florida. 

Brinton, D. G. — Florida Peninsula. 

British Colonial Office records. 

Cabeza de Vaca — Narrative re-printed by Tarnaux, 1837. 

Chambers — History of the United States. 

Consin and Hill — American History. 

Davis, T. F. — History of Early Jacksonville, Fla., 1911. 

De Biedma, Relation — (De Soto). 

Dewhurst, Wm. — History of St. Augustine, 1885. 

Doggett, Carita — Dr. Andrew Turnbull and the New 

Smyrna Colony in Florda, 1919. 
Fairbanks, G. H. — History of Florida, 1871, 

History and Antiquities of St. Augustine, 

The Spaniards in Florida. 
Fleming, F. P. — Memoirs of Florida. 
Green — History of Florida. 
Goodrich — Pictorial History of America. 
Hakluyt— Vol. 3. 

Irving — Voj^ages of Companions of Columbus. 
Johnson, Joseph — Traditions and Reminiscences of Am. 

Revolution. 
Lossing — ^Enc. of American History. 
Parton, James — Life of Andrew Jackson. 
Roberts, Wm. — History of the Floridas, 1763. 
South in the Building of the Nation. 
Sprague, John T. — The Florida War. (Seminole) 
Tarnaux-Compans H. — Collection of Voyages, Relations 

and Memoirs, Paris 1837. 
Virginia Historical Society — Early Voyages to America, 

Translations from original sources, 1848. 









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